Module 3 - From Population To The Globe

Question 1

Ecology

Answer 1

The study of the interactions among organisms and their biophysical environment (biotic and abiotic)

Question 2

Biological hierarchy (small to big)

Answer 2

Organism, population, community, ecosystem, biome, biosphere

Question 3

Weather vs. Climate

Answer 3

Weather: lower atmosphere, specific place, short time period
Climate: weather experienced in an area over long time

Question 4

Weather and climate are both

Answer 4

Temperature, precipitation, winds, humidity, cloud cover

Question 5

Climate effects

Answer 5

The biosphere and ecological communities (organisms are strongly influenced by climate)

Question 6

Electromagnetic radiation provides (3)

Answer 6

• heat
• visible light
• UV light

Question 7

What does the ozone layer do

Answer 7

Filters harmful radiation, retains heat

Question 8

Precipitation occurs when…

Answer 8

Moisture-laden air cools and releases its water as rain or snow (6 major convection cells)

Question 9

Coriolis Effect

Answer 9

Winds produced by the major convection cells curve as they travel near the earths surface due to earths rotation

Question 10

Ocean currents and temperatures

Answer 10

Vary depending on temperature and directionality of the currents and other factors

Question 11

Rain shadow

Answer 11

An area on the side of a mountain facing away from the moist prevailing winds where little rain falls

Question 12

Productivity

Answer 12

Measure of the energy that producers are able to store in the form of biological material or “biomass” (consumers depend on productivity of of producers)

Question 13

How does climate affect terrestrial biomes

Answer 13

Climate is the most important factor in corralling the location of natural terrestrial biomes

Question 14

Climate affects on aquatic biomes

Answer 14

Shaped by physical characteristics of their environment (salt content, water temperature, water depth etc.)

Question 15

Distribution of terrestrial biomes are affected by

Answer 15

Climate, latitude, disturbance

Question 16

Terrestrial regions (4)

Answer 16

Arctic regions, subarctic regions, temperate regions, tropical regions

Question 17

Terrestrial biomes (8)

Answer 17

Tundra, boreal forest, temperate forest, grassland, chaparral, desert, tropical forest

Question 18

Tundra

Answer 18

Cold winters, short growing season, has permafrost

Question 19

boreal forrest

Answer 19

populated by coniferous species

Question 20

temperate deciduous forest

Answer 20

fertile soils, mild winter

Question 21

grasslands (savannah)

Answer 21

good soil little moisture

Question 22

chaparal

Answer 22

short wet winters, long, hot, dry summers

Question 23

desert

Answer 23

scarcity of moisture (NOT temperature)

Question 24

Tropical Forrest

Answer 24

high species diversity, stable annual temperature, near constant rain

Question 25

Water based biomes are shaped by...

Answer 25

physical characteristics of their environments; salt, temperature, water speed

Question 26

fresh water biomes

Answer 26

lakes

Question 27

lakes

Answer 27

landlocked bodies of standing water

Question 28

rivers

Answer 28

bodies of freshwater that move continuously in a single direction

Question 29

wetlands

Answer 29

shallow waters that flow slowly over lands that boarders rivers or coasts

Question 30

estuaries

Answer 30

tidal ecosystems where rivers flow into the ocean

Question 31

Coastal regions

Answer 31

support high diversity

Question 32

Oceanic regions

Answer 32

productivity is limited by available nutrients;

Question 33

pelagic zone

Answer 33

open ocean

Question 34

abyssal zone

Answer 34

begins where continental slope ends

Question 35

carbon cycle

Answer 35

process which carbon compounds are converted in the environment involving: photosynthesis, respiration, and decay and fossil fuels

Question 36

Nitrogen Cycle

Answer 36

nitrogen and its compounds are interconverted into the environment and in living organisms (nitrogen fixation and decompisition)

Question 37

eutrophication

Answer 37

nitrogen runoff causes algal blooms and creates dead zones

Question 38

population

Answer 38

group of individuals of a species within an area

Question 39

population density

Answer 39

total number if individuals per unit of area

Question 40

logistic growth (majority of populations)

Answer 40

populations increase exponentially, then stabilize at max pop. size

Question 41

carrying capacity

Answer 41

the max a pop. size that can be supported indefinitely by the environment

Question 42

Growth limiting factors (2)

Answer 42

density-dependent; density-independent

Question 43

density dependent

Answer 43

related to the size of the population (food shortages, disease)

Question 44

density-independent

Answer 44

not related to the size of the population (weather, fire, floods)

Question 45

species abundance

Answer 45

number of individuals of a species in a given community

Question 46

species richness

Answer 46

total number of different species that live in the community

Question 47

species diversity

Answer 47

richness and relative abundance

Question 48

geographic diversity

Answer 48

distribution of a community across a geographic range

Question 49

genetic diversity

Answer 49

variation of genes within populations and across the community

Question 50

diverse communities are more

Answer 50

productive and stable

Question 51

mutualism

Answer 51

both organisms benefit

Question 52

outcomes of mutualism

Answer 52

alter biodiversity and geographic diversity

Question 53

commensalism

Answer 53

one organism benefits, the other is not affected

Question 54

outcomes of commensalism

Answer 54

stability of community

Question 55

competition

Answer 55

both organisms harmed

Question 56

two types of competition

Answer 56

interference competition, exploitative competition

Question 57

Interference competition

Answer 57

direct exclusion, affects distribution

Question 58

Exploitative competition

Answer 58

outcompetes for same resource

Question 59

Outcomes of competition

Answer 59

limits distribution and abundance; could result in coexistence, localized extinction, niche partitioning

Question 60

exploitation

Answer 60

one organism benefits the other is harmed

Question 61

exploitation outcomes

Answer 61

induced defenses, camouflage, warning coloration, mimicry, behavioral

Question 62

batesian mimicry

Answer 62

one species copies form of another

Question 63

mullerian mimicry

Answer 63

several species resemble one another to protect against predetors

Question 64

parasitic relationships

Answer 64

one benefits, one harmed/dies