Module 3 - Immunity

Question 1

Where do B cells mature?

Answer 1

Bone Marrow

Question 2

Where do T cells mature?

Answer 2

Thymus

Question 3

Define Immunity

Answer 3

The body’s specific protective response to a foreign agent or organism.
ex. HIV/AIDS, Hypersensitivity, RA

Question 4

Define Autoimmunity

Answer 4

Normal protective immune response paradoxically turns against or attacks the body, leading to tissue damage.

Question 5

Define Hypersensitivity

Answer 5

Body produces inappropriate or exaggerated responses to specific antigens.

Question 6

Define Gammopathies

Answer 6

Overproduction of immunoglobulins.

Question 7

Define Immune deficiencies primary

Answer 7

Deficiency results from improper development of immune cells or tissues; usually congential or inherited.

Question 8

Define Immune deficiencies secondary

Answer 8

Deficiency results from some interference with an already developed immune system; usually acquired later in life.

Question 9

Two components of the immune system

Answer 9

• Bone marrow which include WBC production and T Cells and B cells.
• Lymphoid Tissue which includes spleen and lymph nodes

Question 10

Define Natural Immunity

Answer 10

Nonspecific response to a foreign invader, no prior exposure to foreign substance.
-considered the first line of host defense

Question 11

Define Acquired Immunity

Answer 11

Specific response against a foreign invader, a result of prior exposure to antigen
Can be active or passive
Example: Vaccines

Question 12

Physical Barriers to foreign invaders

Answer 12

Intact skin

Question 13

Chemical Barriers to foreign invaders

Answer 13

Acidic gastric secretions

Enzymes in tears and saliva

Question 14

1st Line of Defense to foreign invaders and largest organ

Answer 14

Intact Skin

Question 15

Humoral immunity (antibody protection)

Answer 15

Lymphocytes: B cells
Secrete antibodies to viruses and bacteria
Recognize antigens
Antibodies Mark the antigen for cell destruction
Do not destroy the foreign cell
Crosses the placenta in the form of IgG

Question 16

Cellular immunity (cell mediated immune response)

Answer 16

Lymphocytes: T cells
Do not recognize antigens
Direct and regulate immune response-(helper T cells)
Attack infected or foreign cells-(killer T cells and natural killer cells)
Do not cross the placenta

Question 17

Phagocytosis

Answer 17

Process by which phagocytes swallow up and break down a microorganism.
-monocytes responsible for engulfing and destroying foreign bodies and toxins

Question 18

Lymph System Function

Answer 18

Passively filters plasma for bacteria or other foreign material before returning it o othe bloodstream and back to the heart

Question 19

Why do lymph nodes enlarge?

Answer 19

WBCs infiltrate the lymph node to attack a foreign substance and cause the nodes to enlarge.

Question 20

4 Stages of the Immune Response

Answer 20

Recognition Stage
Proliferation Stage
Response Stage
Effector Stage

Question 21

Recognition Stage

Answer 21

Recognition of antigens as foreign; involves use of lymph nodes and lymphocytes for surveillance; lymphocytes recirculate from the blood to lymph nodes and back to blood continuously;

Question 22

Proliferation Stage

Answer 22

1. Circulating lympocytes containing the antigenic message returns to the nearest lymph node
2. Stimulate some of the T/B lymphocytes to enlarge, divide and proliferate
3. T Lymphocytes differentiate into cytotoxic (Killer) T cells
4. B lymphocytes produce and release antibodies

Question 23

When the body is attacked by bacteria, viruses or other pathogens it has 3 means of defense, which are ?

Answer 23

1. Phagocytic immune response
2. Humoral response
3. The natural immune response

Question 24

B cell mature where

Answer 24

B lymphocytes mature in the bone marrow before entering the blood stream

Question 25

T cells mature where

Answer 25

T lymphocytes matter in the thymus, where they also differentiate into cells with various functions

Question 26

what is the function of the immune system

Answer 26

the basic function of the immune system is to remove foreign antigens such as viruses and bacteria to maintain hemoeostasis

Question 27

inflammatory response

Answer 27

response to injury or invading organism. chemical mediators minimize blood loss, wall off invading organism, activate phagocytes, promote formation of scar tissue and regeneration of injured tissue

Question 28

active immunity

Answer 28

immunologic defense developed by persons own body. May last year or may last a lifetime

Question 29

passive immunity

Answer 29

temporary, results from transfer of a source outside of the body that has developed immunity through previous disease or immunization. ex. transfer of antibodies from mother to infant through breast feeding; receiving immune globulin through injection

Question 30

response stage

Answer 30

begins with the production of antibodies by the B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen . cellular response stimulates the resident lymphocytes to become cells that attack microbes --> killer T cells

Question 31

effector stage

Answer 31

In the effector state either the antibody of the humoral response or the cytotoxic (killer) T cell of the cellular response reaches and connects with the antigen on the surface of the foreign invader.

Question 32

apoptosis

Answer 32

programmed cell death

Question 33

Humoral immune response

Answer 33

is characterized by the production of antibodies by B lymphocytes in response to a specific antigen.

Question 34

agglutination of antigens

Answer 34

acts as a cross-link between two antigen, causing them to bind or clump together (referred as agglutination) this helps clear the body of the invading organism by facilitating phagocytosis

Question 35

opsonization

Answer 35

assistance in the removal of offending organism through antigen-antibody molecule is coated with a sticky substance that also facilitates phagocytosis

Question 36

cellular immune response

Answer 36

T lymphocytes,Attack invaders directly, secrete cytokines, and stimulate immune system responses

Question 37

humoral response ( B cells)

Answer 37

bacterial phagocytosis and lysis - anaphylaxis - allergic hay fever and asthma - immune complex disease - bacterial and some viral infection

Question 38

cellular response

Answer 38

- transplant rejection - delayed hypersensitivity (TB reaction - GVHD - tumor surveillance or destruction - intracellular infection - viral, fungal, and parasitic infection