Module 3 - Infancy And Toddlerhood Flashcards by Juan Andres

It is the process of growth and development within the womb in which a single-cell zygote becomes embryo, a fetus, and then a baby

Prenatal Development

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What are the stages of Prenatal Development

Germinal Period
Embryonic Period
Fetal Period

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This period is the first two weeks after conception

Germinal Period

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Germinal Period includes:

a. Creation of Zygote
b. Continued cell division
c. The attachment of the zygote to the uterine wall

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In this period, the differentiation of cells already begins as inner and outer layers of organisms are formed

Germinal Period

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It is the early stage of embryo, It is the inner layer of cells that develops during the germinal period

Blastocyst

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It is the outer layer of cells that develops also during the germinal period, later provides nutrition support for the embryo

Trophoblast

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In this stage, the name of the mass cells, zygote becomes embryo.

Embryonic Period

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In what weeks does Embryonic Period takes place

2-8 weeks after conception

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What are the 3 developments that take place in Embryonic Period

a. Cell Differentiation Intensifies
b. Life-support systems for the embryo develop
c. Organ appear

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how many layers of cells are formed as the zygote gets attached to the wall of Uterus

two layers of cells are formed

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The embryo’s inner layer of cells that develops into the digestive and respiratory systems

Endoderm

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The outer layer of the cells is divided into two parts which are the:

Ectoderm and Mesoderm

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It is the outermost layer which becomes the nervous system, sensory receptors (eyes, ears, nose) and skin parts (nails, hair)

Ectoderm

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Is the middle layer which becomes the circulatory, skeletal, muscular, excretory and reproductive systems

Mesoderm

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It is the process of organ formation during the first two months of pre-natal development

Organogenesis

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As the three layers of the Embryo form, the support systems for the embryo develop rapidly. These Life-support systems are::

• Plancenta
• Umbilical Cord
• Amnion

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It contains two arteries and one vein that connects the baby to the placenta.

Umbilical Cord

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Life-support system that consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which blood vessels from the mother and the offspring intertwine but do not join

Placenta

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Is a bag or an envelope that contains a clear fluid in which the developing embryo floats.

Amnion

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During this period, Growth and development continue dramatically

Fetal Period

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When does the Fetal Period take place after conception?

2 months to 7 months after conception

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The development process of Fetal Period are

a. 3 months after conception
b. 4 months after conception
c. 5 months after conception
d. 6 months after conception
e. 7 months after conception
d. 8 and 9 months after conception

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In this time
• Fetus is about 12 inches long and weighs close to a pound

• Structures of skin (fingernails, toenails) have formed

• Fetus is more active

5 months after conception

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In this time, • Fetus is about 6 inches long and weighs 4 to 7 ounces • Growth spurt occurs in the body's lower parts • Pre-natal reflexes are stronger • Mother feels arm and leg movements for the first time

4 months after conception

In this time, • Fetus is about 14 inches long and weighs one and half pound • Eyes and eyelids are completely formed • Fine layer of head covers the head • Grasping reflex is present and irregular movements occur

6 months after conception

Fetus grows longer and gains substantial weigh, about 4 pounds

8 and 9 months after conception

In this time, • Fetus is about 3 inches long and weighs about 1 ounce • Fetus has become active, moves its arms and legs, opens and closes its mouth, and moves its head, the face, forehead, eyelids, nose, chin can now be distinguished and also the upper arms, lower arms, hands, and lower limbs, the genitals can now be identified as male or female.

3 months after conception

In this time, Fetus is about 16 inches long and weighs 3 pounds

7 months after conception

Is a field that investigates the causes of congential (birth) defects

Teratology

What are the Clusters of Hazards to Pre-Natal Development

1. Prescription and nonprescription drugs 2. Psychoactive drugs 3. Environmental Hazards 4. Other Maternal Factors such as Rubella (German Measles), syphilis, genital herpes, AIDS, nutrition, high anxiety and stress, age 5. Paternal Factors

It is what causes birth defects

Teratogen

Teratology comes from the greek word "tera" which means

"Monster"

It is an example of prescription drug that can be harmful

Antibiotic

Examples of nonprescription drugs are

Diet pills, aspirin, and coffee

Psychoactive drugs include nicotine, caffeine, illegal drugs such as...

Marijuana, Cocaine, Heroin

It is a cluster of abnormalities that appears in the children of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during Pregnancy

Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Abnormalities of FAS include

• Facial Deformities and Defective Limbs, Face and Heart • Children are below average in intelligence and some are mentally retarded

These include radiation in jobsites and X rays, environmental pollutants, toxic wastes, and prolonged exposure to heat in saunas and bath tubs

Environmental Hazards

Researchers found that chromosomal abnormalities are higher among what

higher among the offspring of fathers exposed to higher levels of radiation in their occupation

What caused defects in animals exposed to high doses

Toxic wastes such as carbon monoxide, mercury and lead

It damages organs after they have formed. It can cause eye lesions and skin lesions

Syphilis

A mother can infect her child in three ways:

1.) During gestation across the Placenta 2.) During the Delivery through contact with maternal blood or fluids 3.) Postpartum (After Birth) Through Breastfeeding

It leads to leads to premature pregnancy birth and reduced weight during pregnancy

Stress

It may result to inadequate growth in the Fetus during Pregnancy

Maternal Malnutrition

It is a serious birth defect of the brain and spinal cord

Neural tube

It is necessary for pregnant mothers. It can reduce the risk of having a baby with serious birth defect

Folic Acid

This is the postnatal growth from conception to 5 months when the head grows more than the body. The greatest growth always occurs at the top-the head

Cephalocaudal

The Pre-natal growth from 5 months to birth when the fetus grows from the inside of the body outwards

Proximodistal

The process by which the axons are covered and insulated by layers of fat cells, begins prenatally and continues after birth

Myelination

In this development, the newborn has some basic reflexes and serve as survival mechanism

Motor Development

In this development, babies are able to grab things, chase ball, or to walk away from their parents

Gross Motor Skills - involve movements of the large muscles of the arms, legs, and torso

Are skills that involve a refined use of the small muscles controlling the hand, finger, and thumb. Writing, Drawingz Buttoning

Fine Motor Skills

In this development, the newborn senses the world into which he/she is born through his/her senses of vision; hearing, touch, taste, smell.

Sensory and Perceptual Development

In infancy refers to development in the way a baby thinks. This language, communication, and exploration skills

Cognitive Development

Four Stages of Cognitive Development

1. The Sensorimotor 2. The Preoperational 3. The Concrete Operational 4. The Formal Operational

In this stage, the infants construct an understanding of the World by coordinating sensory experiences with physical motoric actions

Sensorimotor Stage

WHAT ARE SUB-STAGES OF SENSORIMOTOR

1. Simple Reflexes (Birth - 6 weeks) 2. First Habits and Primary Circular Reactions (6 weeks - 4 months) 3. Secondary Circular Reaction Phase (4-8 months) 4. Coordination of Reactions Stage Secondary Circular (8-12 months) 5. Tertiary Circulat Reactions, Novelty, and Curiousity (12-8 months) 6. Internalization of Schemes (18-24 months

(8-12 months) • Coordination of vision and touch-hand-eye coordination, of schemes and intentionality. • "First Proper Intelligence" (Piaget) • Goal-oriented

4. Coordination of reactions stage secondary circular (8 - 12 months)

(6 weeks - 4 months) Coordination of sensation and two types of schemes habits (reflex) and primary circular reactions.

2. First habits and primary circular reactions (6 weeks - 4 months)

(12-18 months) The discovery of new means to meet goals. The child is described as "young scientist by Piaget.

5. Tertiary circular reactions, novelty and curiosity (12-18 months)

(Birth - 6 weeks) • Coordination of sensation and action through reflexive behaviors.

1. Simple reflexes (Birth - 6 weeks)

Three Primary Reflexes (Piaget):

a. Sucking of objects in the mouth b. Following/moving the eyes with interesting objects and c. Closing of the hand when an object makes contact with the palm (palmar grasp).

4-8 months ➤ Development of habits associated primarily with the development of vision and apprehension. • Object-oriented

3. Secondary circular reaction phase ( 4-8 months)

Three New Abilities in Secondary Circular Reaction Phase

a. Intentional grasping of desired objects, b. Secondary reactions, and c. Differentiation of ends and means.

(18-24 months) • Infants develop the ability to use primitive symbols and form enduring mental representations. • Beginning of insights • True Creativity

6. Internalization of Schemes (18-24 months)

5 stages of Language Development

1. Cooing 2. Babbling 3. One-word utterance 4. Two-word utterance 5. Basic Sentence Structure

It refers to the developing capacity of a child, It has something to do with emotions and ability to relate to others

Socio-emotional

It is the first three years of a child wherein considered as of the important in human development

Formative Years

What are the elements on the socio-emotional development of a children

• Attactment • Temperament • The emerge of Moral Self

A term used to describe the emotional relationship that develops between an infant and the primary caregiver

Social Phenomenon of Attachment

According to his theory (Attachment Theory) the beginnings of attatment occur within the first six months of baby's life

Dr. John Bowly (father of attachment theory)

It is the beginning of personality

Temparament

3 basic types of temperament is from

Alexander Thomas and Stella Chess

What are the 3 basic types of Temparament

• The easy child • The slow-to-warp-up child • The difficult child

The slow

Module 3 - Infancy And Toddlerhood Flashcards

(76 cards)