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Phys + Ost Phys > Module 3 - phys > Flashcards

Module 3 - phys Flashcards

1
Q

The nervous system has three overlapping functions. Name them.

A

Sensory input - information gathered by sensory receptors about internal and external changes
Integration - processing and interpretation of sensory input
Motor output - activation of EFFECTOR organs (muscles and glands) produces a response.

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2
Q

Name 4 general functions of CNS

A

cognition, speech, conscious, coordination and planning, movement, motor function, sensory functions

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3
Q

CNS is composed of what 2 things?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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4
Q

Name the components of the PNS.

A

autonomic -> sympathetic and parasympathetic

Somatic -> sensory and motor

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5
Q

What part of the body do meninges cover?

A

spinal cord

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6
Q

Explain white and gray matter

A

White matter -> conduction tracts
Gray matter -> dorsal (posterior) horns – sensory tracts
Anterior (ventral) horns – motor horns

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7
Q

Name and explain the two functional divisions of the PNS

A
  1. Sensory (afferent) (goes TOWARDS CNS)
    a. Somatic Sensory fibers: convey impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to CNS
    b. Visceral sensory fibers: convey impulses from visceral to CNS
  2. Motor (efferent) – transmits impulses FROM CNS to effector organs (muscles and glands)
    a. Somatic nervous system (to skeletal muscles)
    b. Autonomic nervous system (to smooth and cardiac muscles, and glands)
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8
Q

T/F

Somatic is involuntary and autonomic is voluntary.

A

False.
Somatic Nervous System – voluntary, under conscious control of skeletal muscles – from CNS to skeletal muscle
Autonomic – visceral motor fibers, regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands
- involuntary

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9
Q

Which one of the following is NOT one of the four neuroglia

  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglial
  3. Ependymal
  4. Oligodendrocytes
  5. Macroglial
A
  1. Macroglial
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10
Q

Which neuroglia allows for exchange between capillaries and neurons (blood brain barrier), and also control the chemical environment.

A

Astrocytes

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11
Q

Which neuroglia forms an insulating myelin sheath?

  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglial
  3. Ependymal
  4. Oligodendrocytes
A
  1. Oligodendrocytes
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12
Q

Which neuroglia initiate inflammation and migrate toward injured neurons?

  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglial
  3. Ependymal
  4. Oligodendrocytes
A
  1. Microglial
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13
Q

Which neuroglia line central cavities of the brain and spinal column and form a permeable barrier between CSF in cavities and tissue fluid bathing in CNS cells?

  1. Astrocytes
  2. Microglial
  3. Ependymal
  4. Oligodendrocytes
A
  1. Ependymal
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14
Q

Name the 2 major neuroglia of PNS and explain their functions.

A
  1. Satellite cells – surround neuron cell bodies in PNS, function similar to astrocytes in CNS
  2. Schwann cells (neurolemmocytes) – surround all peripheral nerve fibers, form insulating myelin sheaths in thicker nerve fibers (similar function as oligodendrocytes), vital to regeneration of damaged peripheral nerve fibers - guide severed axons of neurons to reconnect if you have nerve injury
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15
Q

What generates electrical impulses and transmits those impulses rapidly down its length?

A

Axon

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16
Q

What are the functions of the myelin sheath?

A

To protect and electrically insulate axon & increase speed of nerve impulse transmission

17
Q

What are the structural classifications of neurons?

A
  1. Multipolar – three or more processes (1 axon, others dendrites) – most common, major neuron type in CNS – lots of processes (information out to muscles)
  2. Bipolar – two processes (1 axon, 1 dendrite) – rare (ex. Retina, olfactory mucosa) – good for moving information but not process.
  3. Unipolar – one T-like process (2 axons) – long slender body with axons on each side and cell body in middle)- aka psuedounipolar
    - peripheral (distal) process: associated with sensory receptors
    - Proximal (central) process: enters CNS
18
Q

What are the classifications of neurons? (3)

A
  1. Sensory – transmit impulses from sensory receptors toward CNS, almost all are unipolar, cell bodies located in ganglia in PNS
  2. Motor – carry impulses FROM CNS to effectors
    - multipolar, most cell bodies are located in CNS (except some autonomic neurons)
  3. Interneurons – aka association neurons – between motor and sensory neurons, shuttle signals through CNS pathways, most entirely within CNS, 99% of body’s neurons are interneurons!
19
Q

At rest, is it more negative or positive inside of the cell?

A

Negative. It will change due to a stimulus.

20
Q

The relationship of voltage, current, and resistance is which law?
Current (I) = voltage (V)/resistance (R)

A

Ohm’s law

21
Q

T/F

Current is directly proportional to voltage

A

True

22
Q

T/F

Current is inversely proportional to resistance

A

True

23
Q

T/F

There are 3 types of ion channels.

A

False.

2 main types: leakage (non-gated) and gated

24
Q

Name the 3 gated ion channels

A

chemically gated, voltage-gated, and mechanically gated

25
Q

Match:

A) Voltage-gated
B) Mechanically gated
C) Chemically gated (ligand-gated)

  1. Only open with binding of specific chemical (ex neurotransmitter)
  2. open and close in response to changes in membrane potential
  3. open and close in response to physical deformation of receptors (ex sensory receptors) – ex pressure and vibration
A
  1. C
  2. A
  3. B
26
Q

Use the words given to complete these sentences.

ICF, ECF, K+

_____ has more Na+ - balanced by Cl-
______ has more K+, balanced by negatively charged proteins
_____ plays most important role in resting membrane potential!

A

ECF – more Na+ - balanced by Cl-
ICF – more K+, balanced by negatively charged proteins
K+ plays the most important role in resting membrane potential

27
Q

1 ATP is needed to pump ____ sodium out, and ____ potassium in.

A

3 sodium, 1 potassium

28
Q

Name these types of signals:

  1. incoming signals operating over short distances
  2. long-distance signals of axons
A
  1. Graded potentials

2. Action potentials

29
Q

What is it called when there is a decrease in membrane potential ( when it moves toward zero and above) and the inside of the membrane becomes LESS NEGATIVE than resting membrane potential – probability of producing impulses increases

A

Depolarization

30
Q

What is it called when there is an increase in membrane potential (away from zero) and the inside of membrane becomes MORE NEGATIVE than resting membrane potential
- probability of producing impulse decreases

A

Hyperpolarization

31
Q

Which type of signal dissipates over time and which does not?

A

Graded dissipates, action potentials do not

32
Q

Name the four main steps of action potential.

A
  1. Resting state: All gated Na+ and K+ channels are closed
  2. Depolarization: Na+ channels open
  3. Repolarization: Na+ channels are inactivating, and K+ channels open
  4. Hyperpolarization: Some K+ channels remain open, and Na+ channels reset

Phys + Ost Phys (2 decks)

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