module 3 pt 2

Question 1

Pressure Tolerance Categories

Answer 1

Barotolerant: Survive in high pressure but do not thrive.

Piezophiles: Optimal growth under high hydrostatic pressure.

Question 2

Radiation types

Answer 2

Ionizing radiation and UV radiation.

Question 3

Radiation Resistance

Answer 3

Ability to repair radiation-induced damage

Question 4

Adaptation Advantages

Answer 4

Adaptation to unique niches reduces competition and promotes diversity.
Organisms have evolved to survive and thrive in specific environmental conditions, leading to a wide range of tolerance and dependency categories.

Question 5

Biofilms

Answer 5

Complex communities of microorganisms encased in a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substances.

Question 6

Functions of Bioflims

Answer 6

Provide protection from environmental stresses.

Facilitate nutrient exchange among community members.

Question 7

Communication among bio flims

Answer 7

Cells within biofilms communicate via chemical signaling molecules

Question 8

Microscopic Counting

Answer 8

Using a microscope with a counting chamber

Question 9

Viable Cell Counting

Answer 9

Using dyes to stain viable cells in flow cytometry (# of cell)

Question 10

Spectrometry

Answer 10

Measures cell mass by light scattering, proportional to cell number.

Question 11

Continuous Culture Systems

Answer 11

Maintain cultures in extended exponential phase

Question 12

Chemostats

Answer 12

Control nutrient input for steady-state growth.

Question 13

Turbidostats

Answer 13

Control culture density for a steady growth rate.

Question 14

Methods for Isolating Pure Cultures

Question 15

Anaerobes

Answer 15

Grow in the absence of oxygen

Question 16

Aerobes

Answer 16

Require oxygen.

Question 17

Supportive Media

Answer 17

Sustains growth of many types of organisms.

Question 18

Enriched Media

Answer 18

Contains added nutrients for fastidious microbes

Question 19

Selective Media

Answer 19

Promotes growth of specific microorganisms while inhibiting others.

Question 20

Differential Media

Answer 20

Distinguishes between organisms based on biological characteristics.

Question 21

Defined Medium

Answer 21

Precisely defined chemical composition
Used for specific nutrient requirements

Question 22

Complex/Rich Medium

Answer 22

Contains complex ingredients like meat or yeast extract
Supports microorganisms with unknown needs.

Question 23

Microbial Growth Control Methods

Answer 23

To Limit or eliminate unwanted microbial growth to prevent spoilage and disease in various fields

Sterilization
Disinfection
Sanitization
Antisepsis
Microbial Death

Question 24

Sterilization

Answer 24

Complete removal or killing of all cells, spores, and acellular entities.

Question 25

Disinfection

Answer 25

Killing, inhibition, or removal of disease-causing microorganisms.

Question 26

Sanitization

Answer 26

educing microbe levels to safe levels according to public health standards.

Question 27

Antisepsis

Answer 27

Destruction or inhibition of microorganisms on living tissue.

Question 28

Microbial Death

Answer 28

Exposure to biocides results in microbial death over time.

Question 29

Mechanical Control Methods : Filtration

Answer 29

Depth Filters Membrane Filters

Question 30

Depth Filters

Answer 30

Capture microorganisms using filter depth.

Question 31

Membrane Filters

Answer 31

Use thin membranes with controlled pore size (0.2 micrometers) to remove cells from liquids.

Question 32

Physical Control Methods:

Answer 32

Heat Dry Heat: Used in ovens. Moist Heat: Used with boiling water or steam under pressure. Radiation Ultraviolet (UV) Light: Used for surface decontamination. Ionizing Radiation: Penetrates materials

Question 33

Six Families of Chemical Microbial Biocides

Answer 33

Phenolics Alcohols Halogens Heavy Metals Quaternary Ammonium Compounds Aldehydes

Question 34

Classification of Antimicrobial Agents

Answer 34

-cide: Agents that kill microorganisms -static: Agents that inhibit growth without killing. Death Curve Population treated with a lethal agent shows exponential decay. Decimal Reduction Time Time required to kill 90% of microorganisms under specific conditions. Z value Change in temperature required for a tenfold reduction in time (the D value.)