MODULE 3 UNIT 1: VISUAL PERCEPTION

Question 1

The set of processes by which we recognize, organize, and make sense of the sensations we receive from environmental stimuli

Answer 1

Perception

Question 2

Object in the external world

Answer 2

Distal object

Question 3

When information is absorbed by the sensory receptor (e.g., cells in the retina absorb light waves)

Answer 3

Proximal stimulation

Question 4

Event/pattern; stimulus (e.g., light waves) that comes into contact with the appropriate sensory receptor

Answer 4

Informational medium

Question 5

Event/pattern; stimulus (e.g., light waves) that comes into contact with the appropriate sensory receptor

Answer 5

Informational medium

Question 6

_________ occurs when sensory receptors DETECT SENSORY STIMULI, while _________ involves the ORGANIZATION, INTERPRETATION, and CONSCIOUS EXPERIENCE of an individual’s sensations.

Answer 6

Sensation; Perception

Question 7

Is the statement below an example of sensation or perception?

Light enters your eyes and stimulates the photoreceptors (rods and cones) in your retina.

Answer 7

Sensation

Question 8

Is the statement below an example of sensation or perception?

Pressure and temperature receptors in your skin are stimulated when you touch a cold metal surface.

Answer 8

Sensation

Question 9

Is the statement below an example of sensation or perception?

You try to identify if the taste is sweet, salty, bitter, sour, or umami, and you recognize that you are eating chocolate cake.

Answer 9

Perception

Question 10

Is the statement below an example of sensation or perception?

You recognize the sound as music, distinguish between different instruments, and remember the melody of your favorite song.

Answer 10

Perception

Question 11

Focuses on the qualities of stimulation.

Answer 11

Sensation

Question 12

Focuses on identity and form, pattern, and movement.

Answer 12

Perception

Question 13

Occurs as information to be gathered is used to serve further goals.

Answer 13

Cognition

Question 14

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Is the scent of this flower stronger than the scent of the candle?

Answer 14

Sensation

Explanation: The question focuses on the olfactory intensity of different scents.

Question 15

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Is the vibration of this phone stronger than the vibration of your previous phone?

Answer 15

Sensation

Explanation: The question compares the intensity of tactile vibrations from different devices.

Question 16

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Is that person in the photograph your friend from school?

Answer 16

Perception

Explanation: The question involves recognizing and identifying a familiar face.

Question 17

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Can you identify the melody being played on the piano?

Answer 17

Perception

Explanation: The question involves recognizing a sequence of musical notes as a familiar melody.

Question 18

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Is the person walking towards us or away from us?

Answer 18

Perception

Explanation: The question asks about the direction of the person’s movement.

Question 19

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Is this information reliable for writing my research paper?

Answer 19

Cognition

Explanation: This question involves evaluating the credibility of sources to ensure accurate and trustworthy content. (Since cognition happens when the information being processed is used to SERVE FURTHER GOALS, this question reflects cognition as the goal is to evaluate the credibility of sources.)

Question 20

Identify if the question below reflects sensation, perception, or cognition.

Is this the right key for this lock?

Answer 20

Cognition

Explanation: The question requires matching the physical characteristics of the key to the lock to achieve the goal of unlocking something.

Question 21

Refers to the way our senses
adjust to different stimuli.

Answer 21

Sensory adaptation

Question 22

The psychological phenomenon that explains why we never can experience through vision, hearing, taste, smell, or touch exactly the same set of stimulus properties we have experienced before.

Answer 22

Sensory adaptation

Question 23

A German word which means ‘complete field’ and refers to an
unstructured visual field.

Answer 23

Ganzfeld

Question 24

The psychological phenomenon that explains the situation presented below:

Staring at a completely white computer screen or projection screen for an extended period can cause the eyes to adapt, leading to a loss of visual details and a perception of a gray or white field.

Answer 24

Ganzfeld Effect

Explanation: The Ganzfeld effect refers to the phenomenon where prolonged exposure to a uniform, unstructured visual field leads to a cessation of perception and the experience of a gray field.

Question 25

The path the visual information takes from it entering the human perceptual system through the eyes to it being completely processed.

Answer 25

Pathway

Question 26

Research shows that the _______________ has separate neural pathways for processing different aspects of the same stimuli.

Answer 26

Cerebral cortex

Question 27

Dorsal pathway: _________ lobe; Ventral pathway: __________ lobe

Answer 27

Parietal; Temporal

Question 28

What are the two visual pathways?

Answer 28

Dorsal and Ventral

Question 29

Also called the WHERE PATHWAY and is responsible for processing location and motion information.

Answer 29

Dorsal pathway

Question 30

Also called the WHAT PATHWAY because it is mainly responsible for processing the color, shape, and identity of visual stimuli

Answer 30

Ventral Pathway

Question 31

Identify which visual pathway is responsible in processing the information given below: Catching a ball

Answer 31

Dorsal Pathway Explanation: When you see a ball flying through the air and reach out to catch it, the dorsal pathway helps you track the ball's motion and position your hand in the right place to make the catch.

Question 32

Identify which visual pathway is responsible in processing the information given below: Recognizing animals

Answer 32

Ventral Pathway Explanation: When you see a dog running in the park and identify it as a specific breed, the ventral pathway processes the visual details like the dog's shape, size, and markings.

Question 33

The hypothesis which argues that two pathways refer not to what things are and to where they are, but rather, to what they are and to how they function. In addition, this hypothesis also argues that spatial information about where something is located in space is always present in visual information processing.

Answer 33

What/How Hypothesis

Question 34

This pathway is located in the dorsal stream and controls movements in relation to the objects that have been identified through the “what” pathway.

Answer 34

How Pathway

Question 35

This best supports the What/How Hypothesis.

Answer 35

Processing deficits Explanation: There are deficits that impair people’s ability to recognize what they see, and there are distinct deficits that impair people’s ability to reach for what they see (how).

Question 36

A data-driven approach to perception which states that perception starts with the stimuli whose appearance you take in through your eye.

Answer 36

Bottom-up Theories

Question 37

The four main bottom-up theories of form and pattern perception

Answer 37

1. Direct perception 2. Template theories 3. Feature theories 4. Recognition-by components theory

Question 38

A bottom-up theory which states that the information in our sensory receptors, including the sensory context, is all we need to perceive anything.

Answer 38

Gibson’s Theory of Direct Perception

Question 39

A concept under Gibson's Theory of Direct Perception, which states that the environment supplies us with all the information we need for perception: we do not need higher cognitive processes or anything else to mediate between our sensory experiences and our perceptions.

Answer 39

Ecological perception

Question 40

The theory at play in interpersonal situations when we try to make sense of others’ emotions and intentions (i.e. recognize emotion in faces).

Answer 40

Gibson’s Theory of Direct Perception

Question 41

A type of bottom-up theory which suggests that we have stored in our minds myriad sets of templates.

Answer 41

Template Theory

Question 42

These are highly-detailed models for patterns we might potentially recognize. We compare the pattern stimulus to these models in memory until a match is found.

Answer 42

Templates

Question 43

A chunk-based theory that suggests that expertise is attained by acquiring chunks of knowledge in long-term memory that can later be accessed for fast recognition.

Answer 43

Template Theory

Question 44

The disadvantage with template theory

Answer 44

For template matching, ONLY AN EXACT MATCH WILL DO, and therefore poses a problem to imperfect matches.

Question 45

A type of bottom-up theory which suggests that we attempt to match features of a pattern to features stored in memory, rather than to match a whole pattern to a template or a prototype.

Answer 45

Feature-Matching Theories

Question 46

A type of feature-matching theory which states that metaphorical “demons” with specific duties receive and analyze the features of a stimulus.

Answer 46

Pandemonium Model

Question 47

Process of the Pandemonium Model

Answer 47

1. Image demons: They receive the retinal image and transmit it to "feature demons". 2. Feature demons: These demons detect matches between the stimulus and specific features. Matches are then communicated to the next level, the cognitive demons. 3. Cognitive demons: They identify patterns stored in memory that match the features noticed by the feature demons. 4. Decision demon: Listens to the cognitive demons and makes a decision based on which cognitive demon is shouting the most frequently, indicating the strongest match with stored patterns.

Question 48

Small-scale or detailed aspects of a given pattern

Answer 48

Local Features

Question 49

Features that give a form to the overall shape of a given pattern

Answer 49

Global Features

Question 50

In this theory, when participants were required to identify stimuli at the global level, whether the local features matched the global one did not matter.

Answer 50

Global Precedence Effect

Question 51

In this theory, when identifying the “small” local letters, the response is quicker if global features agreed with the local ones.

Answer 51

Global Precedence Effect

Question 52

In this theory, it is more challenging to identify local (small) Ss combining to form a global (big) H instead of identifying local (small) Hs combining to form a global (big) H.

Answer 52

Global Precedence Effect

Question 53

In this theory, when letters are more widely spaced, participants more quickly identify the local features of the individual letters than the global ones, and the local features interfere with the global recognition in cases of contradictory stimuli.

Answer 53

Local Precedence Effect

Question 54

In this theory, when the letters are close together at the local level, people have problems identifying the local stimuli (small letters) if they are inconsistent with the global stimulus (big letter).

Answer 54

Local Precedence Effect

Question 55

A type of bottom-up theory which explains our ability to perceive 3-D objects with the help of simple geometric shapes called geons (for geometrical ions)

Answer 55

Recognition-by-Components (RBC) Theory

Question 56

A type of bottom-up theory which explains why we quickly recognize objects by observing their edges and then decomposing the objects into geons, which can also be recomposed into alternative arrangements.

Answer 56

Recognition-by-Components (RBC) Theory

Question 57

An approach to perception, which states that perception is driven by high-level cognitive processes, existing knowledge, and the prior expectations that influence perception.

Answer 57

Top-down Theory

Question 58

These theories work their way down to considering the sensory data, such as the perceptual stimulus, as the perceiver builds (constructs) a cognitive understanding (perception) of a stimulus

Answer 58

Top-down Theory

Question 59

In this approach to perception, concepts of the perceiver and his or her cognitive processes influence what he or she sees.

Answer 59

Top-down Theory

Question 60

Higher-order thinking plays an important role in perception

Answer 60

Intelligent Perception

Question 61

Three things where percepts (object of perception) are based.

Answer 61

1. What we sense (the sensory data) 2. What we know (knowledge stored in memory) 3. What we can infer (using high-level cognitive processes).

Question 62

A concept supported by top-down processing, which influences of the surrounding environment on perception. This also helps us to be able to recognize letters in many different fonts.

Answer 62

Context Effects

Question 63

A concept supported by top-down processing, where objects presented in certain configurations are easier to recognize than the objects presented in isolation, even if the objects in the configurations are more complex than those in isolation.

Answer 63

Configural-superiority Effect

Question 64

A concept supported by top-down processing, where a target line that forms a part of a drawing of a 3-D object is identified more accurately than a target that forms a part of a disconnected 2- D pattern.

Answer 64

Object Superiority Effect

Question 65

A concept supported by top-down processing, which indicates that when people are presented with strings of letters, it is easier for them to identify a single letter if the string makes sense and forms a word instead of being just a nonsense sequel of letters.

Answer 65

Word Superiority Effect

Question 66

A disadvantage of top-down position

Answer 66

Extreme top-down position would drastically underestimate the importance of sensory data

Question 67

A disadvantage of bottom-up position

Answer 67

An extreme bottom-up position would not allow for any influence of past experience or knowledge on perception

Question 68

Three basic orientations in perceiving objects and forms

Answer 68

1. Viewer-centered representation 2. Object-centered representation 3. Landmark-centered representation

Question 69

An orientation in perceiving objects and forms, where the individual stores the way the object looks to him or her: what matters is the object’s appearance to the viewer.

Answer 69

Viewer-centered representation

Question 70

An orientation in perceiving objects and forms, where an individual stores a representation of the object, independent of its appearance to the viewer.

Answer 70

Object-centered representation

Question 71

An orientation in perceiving objects and forms, where information is characterized by its relation to a well-known or prominent item

Answer 71

Landmark-centered representation

Question 72

A system for recognizing patterns, where individuals recognize parts of objects and assemble these parts into wholes.

Answer 72

Feature Analysis System

Question 73

A system for recognizing patterns, where individuals recognize larger configurations.

Answer 73

Configurational System

Question 74

True or False People have more trouble recognizing parts of faces than whole faces.

Answer 74

True

Question 75

This brain area responds intensely when we look at faces but not when we look at other objects.

Answer 75

Fusiform gyrus

Question 76

According to this theory, the fusiform gyrus is activated when one examines items with which one has visual expertise.

Answer 76

Expert individuation hypothesis

Question 77

Inability to recognize and identify objects or people

Answer 77

Agnosia

Question 78

Inability to recognize faces, including one's own

Answer 78

Prosopagnosia

Question 79

Normal visual fields, yet act blindly; perceives only one stimulus at a time—single word or object

Answer 79

Simultagnosia

Question 80

An impairment in the ability to use the visual system to guide movement; cannot use vision to guide movement and therefore experience difficulty in reaching for items.

Answer 80

Optic ataxia