module 31

Question 1

a process that involves knowing, understanding, remembering and communicating

Answer 1

cognition

Question 2

mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas or people. ex: there are a variety of chairs but their common features define the concept of chair.

Answer 2

concept

Question 3

how we organize concepts

Answer 3

category hierarchies

Question 4

mental image or best example that incorporates all the features we associate with a category

Answer 4

prototype

Question 5

methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem

Answer 5

algorithm

Question 6

simple thinking strategies that often allow us to make judgements and solve problems efficiently. speedier but more accident prone

Answer 6

heuristics

Question 7

judging the likelihood of things or objects in terms of how well they seem to represent, or match a particular prototype

Answer 7

representativeness heuristic

Question 8

operates when we base our judgement on how mentally available information is

Answer 8

availability heuristic

Question 9

a tendency to search for information that confirms a personal bias

Answer 9

confirmation bias

Question 10

inability to see a problem from a fresh perspective

Answer 10

fixation

Question 11

a tendency to approach a problem in a particular way especially a problem that has been successful in the past

Answer 11

mental set

Question 12

a tendency to think of the only familiar functions for objects

Answer 12

functional fixedness

Question 13

a sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem

Answer 13

insight

Question 14

the tendency to be more confident than correct to overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgements

Answer 14

overconfidence

Question 15

opposite of overconfidence

Answer 15

exaggerated fear

Question 16

when we know something, we think it is easier than it actually is

Answer 16

illusion of simplicity

Question 17

buying a cheap car, spending a lot of money on it but it’s still not worth anything. when you won’t leave a movie because it costs money but it’s still wasting your time

Answer 17

sunk cost fallacy

Question 18

significantly affects decisions and judgement. ex: customers respond more positively to ground beef described as “75% lean” and not “25% fat”

Answer 18

framing

Question 19

the tendency for ones pre-existing beliefs to distort logical reasoning sometimes by making invalid conclusions

Answer 19

belief bias