Module 35

Question 1

algorithm

Answer 1

a methodical, logical procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem.

Contrasts with the usually speedier—but also more error-prone—use of heuristics.

Question 2

heuristic

Answer 2

a simple thinking strategy that usually lets us make judgments and solve problems efficiently;

likely speedier than an algorithm but more error prone

Question 3

Insight

Answer 3

a sudden realization of a problem’s solution

unlike with strategy-based solutions.

Question 4

confirmation bias

Answer 4

a tendency to search for information that supports our preconceptions and to ignore or distort contradictory evidence.

Question 5

fixation

Answer 5

the inability to see a problem from a new perspective;

obstacle to problem solving.

Question 6

mental set

Answer 6

a tendency to approach a problem in one particular way,

often a way that has been successful in the past.

Question 7

intuition

Answer 7

an effortless, immediate, automatic feeling or thought,

unlike with explicit, conscious reasoning.

Question 8

representativeness heuristic

Answer 8

estimating the likelihood of events in terms of how well they seem to represent prototypes

may lead us to ignore other relevant information.

Question 9

availability heuristic

Answer 9

estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory;

if instances come readily to mind, we might presume such events are common because of vividness

Question 10

overconfidence

Answer 10

the tendency to be more confident than correct; overestimate the accuracy of our beliefs and judgments.

Question 11

belief perseverance

Answer 11

clinging to an initial conception after the basis
of how that conception was formed has been discredited.

Question 12

framing

Answer 12

the way an issue is posed;

how an issue is worded can significantly affect decisions and judgments.