MODULE 4

Question 1

A high input scenario relative to amount of utilized
land are classified a

Answer 1

INTENSIVE PRODUCTION

Question 2

Defined as being low input
and often utilizing larger tracts of land.

Answer 2

EXTENSIVE PRODUCTION

Question 3

Is one of the primary differences in intensive versus extensive
production.

Answer 3

REPRODUCTIVE MANAGEMENT

Question 4

Will generate larger lamb and kid crops, but at an added production cost.
Lambing or kidding generally occurs in a facility or small paddock and under daily management.

Answer 4

INTENSIVE OPERATIONS

Question 5

is typically more precise in intensive management, and often includes pedigree,
health, performance information and dates for breeding, lambing/kidding, and weaning on individual
animals

Answer 5

RECORD KEEEPING

Question 6

Are typically higher in intensive operations, but the adoption of technology to
improve efficiency is also more prevalent in this system.

Answer 6

LABOR OUTPUT

Question 7

usually focusses on groups of animals as opposed to the individual. Though
extensive operators tend to be larger in animal numbers (greater than 1,000)

Answer 7

Extensive production

Question 8

this is not always the case,
as — often can be classified as extensive.

Answer 8

nomadic and hobby producers

Question 9

Though limited individual animal management occurs, the prevalence of disease is typically lower in
—– and thus animal health is not necessarily poorer in this type of system.

Answer 9

Extensive systems

Question 10

In some extensive production systems, a female sheep
or goat is managed to produce 3 - 5 offspring in their lifetime

Question 11

In some extensive production systems, a female sheep
or goat is managed to produce 3 - 5 offspring in their lifetime

Question 12

whereas, some intensive production
systems may produce 3 - 5 offspring per breeding female annually.

Question 13

Four main breeding systems commonly employed in the goat and sheep industry

Answer 13

1. Hand mating
2. Pen breeding
3. Artificial Breeding
4. Out-of-season

Question 14

Once-a-year mating is the most common practice in sheep and goat production.

Answer 14

Annual

Question 15

Springtime
typically offers conditions that are most conducive to lamb/ kid survival.

Question 16

The benefit of annual production is that the energy demands on the female to reproduce one time
a year is manageable and can easily coincide with fiber or milk production to be profitable.

Question 17

can best be described as bucks or billies being with females year-round.

Answer 17

Opportunistic

Question 18

This scheme, usually more extensive in production style, is a reduced-labor alternative for some
producers and survival of offspring can often be dictated by climactic events.

Question 19

This method has the advantage of allowing the exact breeding date to be recorded.

Answer 19

Hand mating

Question 20

This method relies on the male to detect females in heat. It is significantly less labor
intensive when compared to hand breeding.

Question 21

This method relies on the male to detect females in heat. It is significantly less labor
intensive when compared to hand breeding.

Answer 21

. Pen breeding.

Question 22

A yearling male should be placed with 10 to 25 females

Question 23

more mature male can
be placed with 15 to 40 females.

Question 24

offers the advantage of introducing
superior genetics cost effectively

Answer 24

Artificial insemination (AI)

Question 25

There are, however, a limited number of technicians with small ruminant AI experience; thus, the ------ often must acquire this skill.

Answer 25

e farm manager

Question 26

The most reliable, though costly, method involves using artificial lighting

Answer 26

Out-of-season breeding

Question 27

During the Winter months, both are exposed to at least 20 hours of light for 60 days.

Question 28

When considering lighting, it is important that the light is bright at the eye level. Goats are then moved to natural lighting for 45 days, after which the buck is put with the does for breeding. This generally produces a single shortened estrus.

Question 29

It is important to keep the buck to doe ratio high, and pen breeding should be used.

Question 30

To ensure prevention of production losses due to infertility, a ---- should be performed on the male 30 to 60 days prior to the breeding season.

Answer 30

breeding soundness exam

Question 31

Once-a-year mating is the most common practice in sheep and goat production.

Answer 31

annual

Question 32

Springtime typically offers conditions that are most conducive to lamb/ kid survival.

Question 33

is that there is down-time between weaning and breeding where the female is not in production.

Answer 33

drawback

Question 34

Can best be described as bucks or billies being with females year-round.

Answer 34

Opportunistic

Question 35

This scheme, usually more extensive in production style, is a reduced-labor alternative for some producers and survival of offspring can often be dictated by climactic events.

Question 36

The two most common accelerated programs are the “8-month” and “STAR” (Fig. 12.4) programs, which are three lambings/ kiddings in two years or five lambings/kiddings in three years, respectively.

Answer 36

Accelerated

Question 37

The 8-month accelerated cycle is the simpler of the two methods described.

Question 38

Typically, there is a predetermined schedule of joining males with females twice during a more natural breeding season (i.e.,

Answer 38

(january and September) and once during the a seasonal period (May).

Question 39

Breeding may consist of a short one-cycle window (17 day), which would allow approximately 90 days for lactation, and rebreeding to occur.

Question 40

The STAR method is slightly more demanding on the ewes with a maximum number of births per ewe per year of 1.67 versus 1.5 in an 8-month cycle.

Question 41

Three groups are managed simultaneously

Answer 41

(i) breeding and gestating group, a (ii) lambing and lactating group, and (iii) weaned lamb group.

Question 42

Breeding occurs THREE times during the natural breeding season of sheep and TWICE during the aseasonal period.

Question 43

Is paramount to a profitable sheep or goat enterprise, and though several tools exist to improve performance, perhaps the most beneficial long-term is to select replacement animals based on genetic predictions for reproductive traits.

Answer 43

Reproduction

Question 44

Are examples of programs that analyze data and generate estimated breeding values (EBVs) for various economically relevant traits, including reproduction.

Answer 44

Sheep Genetics (Australia), Sheep Improvement Limited (New Zealand), and Signet (United Kingdom)

Question 45

Is the percentage of lambs produced compared to the number of ewes or does exposed to males.

Answer 45

lamb crop

Question 46

Often the “measuring stick” for the annual success of an operation, but may be impacted by many other factors than simply reproduction

Answer 46

lamb crop

Question 47

It is critical to track multigenerational pedigrees to accurately predict genetic potential, which the do.

Answer 47

aforementioned programs

Question 48

An animal’s ability to reproduce is referred

Answer 48

fertility

Question 49

Number of offspring an animal produces as a result of a mating is called

Answer 49

fecundity

Question 50

Those that reach puberty quicker tend to remain more fertile throughout their lifetime

Question 51

Animals that tend to be more fertile also tend to be more prolific and

Answer 51

vice versa.

Question 52

Rams and billies that have larger testicular circumference tend to produce daughters that come into estrus earlier in life

Question 53

The effect of heterosis can increase fertility, lambing rate and lamb survival independent of using highly fertile breeds

Question 54

F1 Rambouillet (1.5 lambs per ewe) Finnsheep (2.5 lambs per ewe) however, due to a 14.7% heterosis effect, these crossbred ewes will actually wean an average lamb crop of 2.28.

Question 55

however, due to a 14.7% heterosis effect, these crossbred ewes will actually wean an average lamb crop of ----

Answer 55

2.8

Question 56

ewes should wean an AVERAGE lamb crop of ---based off the average of the two breeds, however,

Answer 56

2.0

Question 57

was the first gene identified that is related to fecundity in sheep

Answer 57

FecB mutation to the BMPR-1B gene,

Question 58

Other gene mutations have since been discovered to affect prolificacy, mostly involving the ----- and are prominently found in the Belclare, Romney, and Lacaune breeds.

Answer 58

BMP15 gene

Question 59

The udder of the ewe or doe should be evaluated.

Question 60

It should be advised to follow labeling instructions carefully as administering an injection of certain vaccines too close to pregnancy can result in

Answer 60

embryonic mortality

Question 61

pre-breeding strategy that can result in a greater number of offspring and economic return is the practice of

Answer 61

flushing

Question 62

Is a general term for increasing plane of nutrition to females for --- weeks prior to breeding.

Answer 62

2-6 weeks

Question 63

Of the male is recommended to ensure fertility, structural soundness, and overall health

Answer 63

Breeding Soundness Exam

Question 64

BSE 60 days before the breeding season to allow enough time for a follow-up BSE in 30 days if a ram or buck is determined to be infertile or questionable

Question 65

rams or bucks who are seasonally anestrous. May test negative due to season

Question 66

The enlargement of the epididymis is a sign of Ovine Epididymitis from a ----?

Answer 66

Brucella Ovis infection

Question 67

The breeding window should be set approximately 5 months (gestation ranges from 145 to 155 days) from the desired time of parturition.

Question 68

ensures that a mating results in offspring with a desired pedigree.

Answer 68

single sire

Question 69

A mature male to approximately 35-50 females is a common practice and 25-35 is a more manageable number for younger and less experienced males.

Question 70

Generally results in a greater pregnancy rate. generally results in a greater pregnancy rate.

Answer 70

Multi-sire mating

Question 71

The estrous cycle of ewes lasts 17 days and 21 days for the doe.

Question 72

It is common to leave the males in a minimum of 34-42 days to ensure that each female has had two periods of estrus.

Question 73

Sheep and goats generally are seasonally polyestrous, short-day breeders.

Question 74

When the days become shorter in the fall, decreased exposure to light causes a change in secretion of melatonin by the pineal gland, thus inducing the estrous cycle.

Question 75

Peak time for ewes and does to show sexual receptivity (heat) is in October

Question 76

then a gradual decline in the percentage of females exhibiting estrus declines until late ---- when it nearly ceases.

Answer 76

winter

Question 77

Of the dairy breeds, the ---- is the least seasonal

Answer 77

Nubian

Question 78

Even aseasonal breeds from the tropics have been shown to experience an anestrous period when exposed to a temperate photoperiod.

Question 79

A typical light treatment protocol would be to expose animals to extended periods of light (16 h per day) for 8-12 weeks, and then short periods (8 h light per day) for 8-12 weeks, prior to breeding.

Question 80

Exogenous progesterone via oral or intravaginal devices for a period of 11-14 days (sheep) or 18- 21 days (goats)

Question 81

Devices are common methods to supply progesterone to sheep and goats.

Answer 81

Controlled Intravaginal Drug Releasing (CIDR)

Question 82

A common practice is to use a “teaser” ram or billy, which is a ------, prior to breeding as females tend to be more fertile the second cycle after introduction to males and thus a tighter breeding window can be achieved for the group.

Answer 82

vasectomized male

Question 83

Additionally, using a higher ratio of rams to ewes (1:18) versus traditional in season practice (1:30) can improve pregnancy rates.

Question 84

Ideally, ewes should be kept in a body condition score of around 3-3.5 through gestation.

Question 85

Parturition signals round worms, particularly Haemonchus contortus, to resume activity because lactating ewes and lambs are most susceptible to parasitism.

Question 86

It is common for breeders to only keep replacement ewes or does that were born during the

Answer 86

fall or early winter

Question 87

Substantial changes in nutritional requirements occur during the last trimester of gestation

Question 88

Over-fed ewes during the first trimester can experience embryonic loss and during the final trimester can also have very large fetuses that can result in dystocia

Question 89

Proper dietary ------- during the third trimester is very important for lamb and kid survival due to their importance in normal metabolic and immunological functions.

Answer 89

vitamin and mineral balance

Question 90

Parturition signals round worms, particularly, to resume activity because lactating ewes and lambs are most susceptible to parasitism.

Answer 90

Haemonchus contortus

Question 91

The ideal time period to ultrasound ewes/does for pregnancy and litter size is between

Answer 91

50- and 90-days gestation,

Question 92

Are most susceptible to death loss.

Answer 92

Neonate

Question 93

Is the practice of having ewes or does give birth outside of a confined facility or paddock without continual human supervision.

Answer 93

“Range” lambing/kidding

Question 94

usually leaves the female under limited to no supervision during birth, so females must be selected for natural maternal instinct.

Question 95

Shed lambing/ kidding allows for protection from the elements and predators.

Answer 95

Shed lambing/ kidding

Question 96

In a typical shed lambing/kidding set up, females will be grouped in a ---- pen, the number depending on the size of the pen or paddock.

Answer 96

drop

Question 97

Once females have given birth, they are moved to a “jug”, which is a 1.5 x 1.5 m pen to aide in the bonding and nursing process.

Answer 97

jug

Question 98

Dams and offspring will remain in the jug for --r(h) to allow offspring to nurse and gain strength

Answer 98

24 - 48 h

Question 99

the practice of offering grain to lambs/kids that have not yet been weaned, can help the eventual transition off of milk to a post-weaning diet and can reduce stress at weaning time

Answer 99

‘Creep Feeding’

Question 100

How to wean Proper management of lactating ewes or does post-weaning is important to prevent the onset of mastitis

Question 101

weaning to reduce milk production and decrease chances of mastitis.