Module 4 Flashcards
1
Q
Define Anatomy?
A
The study of the shape and structure
2
Q
Define gross anatomy
A
Study of the body using only the naked eye
3
Q
Define microscopic anatomy
A
Study of body parts using a microscope
4
Q
What is Cytology?
A
The study of cells
5
Q
What is Histology?
A
The study of tissues
6
Q
Define Pathological anatomy
A
Study of diseased body structures
7
Q
Define Systemic anatomy
A
The study of all aspects of the function of a specific organ and its system
8
Q
Define Physiology
A
The study of the functions of organisms
9
Q
Define Pathophysiology
A
The study of the disease within the body
10
Q
Define metabolism
A
All chemical reactions that occur in the body
11
Q
Define differentiation
A
Simple cells form into specialized cells with specific structure and function (form organs/ tissues)
12
Q
What does catabolism mean?
A
Complex substances are broken down into simpler substances creating energy
13
Q
What does Anabolism mean?
A
Simple substances combine to form a complex substance ( requires energy)
14
Q
What are the life 10 processes?
A
Responsive, organization, respiration, growth, digestion, metabolism, movement, differentiation, excretion and reproduction
15
Q
What is homeostasis?
A
The bodies constant internal environment that must be maintained.
16
Q
What is the reference position
A
Body facing forward with arms at sides with palms forward and head and feet pointing forward
17
Q
What is bilateral symmetry
A
Balanced portions
18
Q
What does ipsilateral mean
A
Structures on the same side of the body in anatomical position
19
Q
What does Contralateral mean?
A
Structures are on opposite sides of the body in anatomical position
20
Q
Which plane divides the body into left and right?
A
Sagittal
21
Q
What is the front and the back of the body called?
A
Frontal or Coronal plane
22
Q
what is the transverse plane (horizontal plane)
A
Divides the body into top and bottom
23
Q
Medial means?
A
Towards the midline
24
Q
Lateral means?
A
Away from the midline
25
Proximal means?
Closer to the point of attachment
26
Distal means?
Further away from the point of attachment
27
What is the anatomical direction term for above
Superior
28
What is the anatomical direction term for below?
Inferior
29
Anterior means?
front of the body
30
Explain where Cephalic is referencing to
Towards head
31
Caudal means what?
towards tail of spine.
32
Posterior means what?
Back of body
33
What does dorsal mean?
Pertaining to back or top
34
What does ventral mean?
Pertaining to the front
35
What layer is the Visceral layer?
The inner layer
36
What layer is the parietal layer?
The outer layer
37
What are the 2 parts of the dorsal cavity?
Cranial and Spinal ventral cavity
38
Where is the thoracic cavity?
Right /Left pleural cavity, Mediastinum
39
The cavity that contains the abdominal cavity and the pelvic cavity is called what?
Abdominopelvic cavity
40
Name the 9 abdominal regions
Right and Left Hypochondriac, Epigastric, Right and Left Lumbar, Umbilical, Right and Left Iliac and the hypogastric
41
What is the definition of matter?
Anything that has mass and takes up space.
42
What is a solid?
It has a definite shape and definite volume
43
What has an indefinite shape and definite volume?
Liquids
44
Define a gas
Indefinite shape and indefinite volume
45
What is an element?
Simple form of matter, substance that can’t be broken down into tow or more different substances
46
Atoms contain several kinds of subatomic particals . What are the most important ones?
Protons- found in nucleus
Neutrons - found in nucleus
Electrons- found in electron cloud
47
Which elements are most prevalent in the human body?
Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen and Nitrogen.
48
What is the difference between an element, atom and a molecule?
An Atom is made up of subatomic particals
An Element is the simplest substance
A Molecule is 2 or more atoms that are chemically bound.
49
Describe the composition of an atom
An atom consist of tiny nucleus that is surrounded by moving electrons.
50
How do electrons interact with each other?
through the electromagnetic force
51
Explain the Bohr model
It resembles planets revolving around the sun, useful for visualizing thee atoms structure. Shows the atom as a central nucleus containing protons and neutrons with the electrons circulating at specific distances.
52
What is the force that holds atoms together that is determined by electrons? What are the three types?
Chemical Bonds
Ionic , Hydrogen. Covalent
53
Atoms like to share electrons to maintain stability
TRUE OR FALSE
True
54
What is a chemical reaction?
Interaction between two or more atoms that happens as a result of activity between electrons in their outside energy levels
55
What are the components of chemical reactions?
Reactants and Products
56
What is the octet rule? (Lewis rule of 8)
Atoms with fewer or more than 8 electrons in the outside energy level wilt attempt to Lose or gain or share electrons
57
What is an Ion
Atoms or molecules where the total number of electrons is not equal to the number of protons
58
An atom loses 1 or more electrons and has a net positive charge is called what?
Cation
59
An atom gains electrons then it has a net negative charge is called what?
Anion
60
What is an isotope?
Same number or protons but different number of neutrons. Same atomic number and different atomic weight
61
An unstable isotope that undergoes nuclear breakdown and emits nuclear particals and radiation is called what
Radioactive isotopes
62
What is an atom of at least two different elements joined to form chemical combinations and is in a fixed ratio to form a new substances called?
Compound
63
Ionic bonds are?
Formed by transfer of electrons
64
What is a covalent bond? What are the types?
Formed when 2 atoms share a pair of electrons.
Single covalent
Double covalent
65
What is a non polar covalent bond?
Electrons shared equally between 2 atoms
66
Electrons spend more time around one end of the atom than the other and is stronger than ionic bonds is called what?
Polar covalent bond
67
What is a hydrogen bond?
results from the weak electrical attraction between the positive end of one molecule and the negative end of another
68
What type of formula is this:
C6 H12 O6?
Molecular formula
69
What type of formula is this:
H-O-H
Structural Formula
70
What is an exergonic reaction?
When more energy is stored in reactants than in the products, therefore energy is RELEASED.
71
What is an example of an exergonic reaction?
ATP + H2O —> HDP+ P+ Energy
(Hydrolysis)
72
What is an Endergonic reaction?
More energy is stored in products than reactants.
Therefore energy is REQUIRED.
73
What is an example of an Endergonic reaction
ADP+ P+ Energy —> ATP + H2O
(Dehydration)
74
What factors affect the reaction rate?
Temp- too hot faster reaction
Pressure- Higher pressure faster reaction
Concentration- Higher Conc Faster reaction
Surface area- Greater SA faster the reaction
Catalyst- Substance that changes the reaction rate without changing itself
75
What is a solute?
A substance dissolves to form a solution
76
What is a solvent
The substance in which a solute dissolves
77
What is a solution
Solute dissolved in a solvent
78
What is a mixture
Contains 2 or more substances that can be physically separated ( sugar and water)
79
What is a suspension?
Particles that settle if left undisturbed.
( sand and water)
80
What is a colloidal suspension?
Particles so small they don’t dissolve.
EX- cytoplasm in the cell
81
What is a tincture?
When the solute is dissolved in a solvent of alcohol.
82
What is a catabolism?
Breaks down complex compounds into simpler ones.
Releases energy.
Hydrolysis
End products are C02 and H20
More than half the energy released is transferred to ATP
83
What is an anabolism?
Joins simple molecules to form more complex bio molecules.
requires energy
EX- Dehydration synthesis
84
What is a buffer?
A solution that resists change in pH when acids or bases are added to it.
85
What are organic compounds?
Have at least one carbon atom and at least one C-C or C-H bond in each molecule.
86
What is an inorganic compounds?
Few have carbon atoms and none have C-C or C-H bonds
87
What are the difference between organic and inorganic compounds?
Organic compounds have at least one carbon atom and at least one C-C or C-H bond.
Inorganic compounds have few carbon atoms and no C-C or C-H bonds.
88
What is an acid?
Any substance that releases a hydrogen ion when in a solution.
89
What is a base?
electrolytes that dissociate to yield hydroxide ions or other electrolytes that combine with hydrogen ions.
90
Acids and bases are common chemical substances that are chemical opposites.
TRUE OR FALSE
True
91
What are the IMPORTANT numbers on the pH chart?
7.35- 7.45 (Normal)
92
On the pH chart acid (high H+) and (low pH) is considered what?
Acidemia ( low blood pH )
93
On the pH chart Alkaline (low H+) and (High pH) is considered what?
Alkalemia (High blood pH)
94
What are the compatible with life numbers?
6.7 to 7.9
95
Carbohydrates are defined as….
Molecules composed of C, H, O in a set ratio of 1:2:1
96
What is a monosaccharide?
Simple sugars, simplest form of carbohydrate
Glucose is the most important type
97
Fructose and Galactose when ingested are converted into glucose in the liver AND have some molecular formula but are arranged differently
TRUE OR FALSE
True
98
What is a disaccharide?
Formed when two monosaccharides are linked in dehydration synthesis.
EXAMPLES-
Sucrose
Maltose
Lactose
99
What is a polysaccharide?
Long chain of monosaccharides
Including:
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
100
What is the function of a protein?
All proteins contain C, H, O and N m,any contain S, FE.
(AMINO ACIDS)- linked together by peptide bonds formed by dehydration synthesis.
The basic structure material of the body.
101
what is a nucleic acid?
Large complex organic compounds that contain C, H, O, N and phosphate.
102
What is transcription?
Strand of RNA forms along a strand of DNA then becomes mRNA then is released out of the nucleus and carries the message it the ribosomes in the cytoplasm.
103
What is translation?
mRNA attracts small and large ribosome subunits then tRNA picks up an amino acid floating freely in the cytoplasm, then it attaches to the ribosome/ RNA in a specific sequence.
104
What are the fluid compartments?
Extracellular, Intracellular
105
Define electrolytes
Positively charged electrolytes are called cations they are found intracellularly (K, Ca, Mg) and extracellularly ( Na)
Negatively charged electrolytes are called anions they are found intracellularly ( Po4 3-) and they are found extracellularly ( Cl-, HCO3)
106
How does water enter the body?
Digestive system and cellular metabolism
107
How does water exit the body?
kidneys, lungs, sweat, feces
108
What is starlings law of capillaries
Fluid moves due to filtration across the wall of a capillary, depends on the balance between the hydrostatic and oncotic (osmotic) pressure gradient across the capillary.
109
Does hydrostatic mean push or pull?
Push
110
Does osmotic mean pull or push
Pull
111
Explain Hydrostatic pressure
Is the primary force in fluid transport between capillaries and tissues which can be described as the pressure of any fluid enclosed in a space.
112
What are the main hydrostatic forces?
Which end are they higher at?
Where is their pressure?
Blood Hydrostatic forces (BHP)
Interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)
BHP- Higher at the arteriol end
IFHP- higher at the venous end
BHP- Inside pressure pushing on the capillary walls
IFHP- the pressure between the inner capillary and the cell
113
what does blood hydrostatic pressure do?
The force that drives the fluid out of the capillaries and into the tissues. As fluid exits a capillary and moves into the tissues the hydrostatic pressure in the interstitial fluid rises.
114
What does interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure do?
IFHP is the mechanical force if water within the interstitum against cellular membranes it works with plasma osmotic pressure against filtration. It keeps small amounts of plasma proteins that has leaked into the interstitum within the interstitum.
115
What is osmotic pressure?
The net pressure that drives the movement of fluid from the interstitial fluid back into the capillaries (reabsorption) (draws fluid back in)
116
What are the main osmotic forces?
What do they do?
Blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP)
Interstitial fluid colloid pressure (IFCOP)
BCOP-Maintains levels of intravascular fluids ( Large molecules sucking fluid back in
IFCOP- Works with capillary hydrostatic pressure in filtration.
117
What is net filtration?
The amount of pressure
118
What is the formula for net filtration pressure
NFP= (BHP-IFHP) - (BCOP-IFCOP)
119
What happens at the arteriole end of a capillary
hydrostatic forces take over
Movement of fluid from the bloodstream moves into the interstitum causes by BHP and IFCOP.
120
What happens at the Venule end of a capillary
Oncotic (osmotic) forces take over
Movement of fluids from the interstitum into the bloodstream is caused by BCOP and IFHP
121
Explain tonicity?
Isotonic- equal solute concentration
Same pressure
Hypotonic- Lesser solute concentration
Less pressure
Hypertonic- Higher solute concentration
Higher pressure
122
Define diffusion
Movement of atoms , ions or molecules from a region of high concentration to a region of low concentration
123
What is _________ . It moves substances against a concentration gradient. (UPHILL)
Active Transport it adds energy.
124
What is Facilitated diffusion?
Moves a substance down the gradient using a carrier protein. ( requires a carrier)
125
Why is ADH released?
Increased plasma osmolality
Decreased circulating blood volume
Lowered venous and arteriole pressure
126
Where is ADH created and stored?
Created in the Hypothalamus
Stored in the Pituitary Gland
127
Why is ADH stimulated to be released a result of
Angiotensin II
128
What are the roles of electrolytes
Potassium (K+)- nerve muscle and cardiac function
Calcium (Ca++)- bone/ muscle concentration
Magnesium Mg++)- enzymes need it
