module 4

Question 1

cytology?

Answer 1

the study of cells

Question 2

ingestion?

Answer 2

the ability to take in nutrients; this includes absorption, which is the ability to bring dissolved materials into the cell.

Question 3

digestion?

Answer 3

the ability to break food or nutrients downing simpler forms ( by hydrolysis or with the help of the enzymes) so it can be utilised.

Question 4

respiration?

Answer 4

the ability to release energy from the breakdown of food molecules.

Question 5

transport?

Answer 5

the ability to distribute or circulate molecules from one part of a cell to another.

Question 6

homeostasis?

Answer 6

the ability to maintain internal stability.(regulation)

Question 7

synthesis?

Answer 7

the ability to combine simple compounds into complex molecules.

Question 8

secretion?

Answer 8

the ability to release biosynthesised substances.

Question 9

excretion?

Answer 9

the ability to remove soluble metabolic waste from the cell.

Question 10

egestion?

Answer 10

the ability to move consolable, undigested waste from the cell.

Question 11

irritability?

Answer 11

the ability to respond to stimuli.

Question 12

movement?

Answer 12

the ability to move.

Question 13

reproduction?

Answer 13

the ability to produce more cells.

Question 14

organelle?

Answer 14

a tiny cellular structure that carries out a specific function necessary for the cell to survive.

Question 15

prokaryotic cell?

Answer 15

a cell that has no nucleus or other distinct, membrane bound organelles

Question 16

plasma membrane?

Answer 16

the semipermeable membrane between the cell contents and the cell’s surroundings.

Question 16

cytoplasm?

Answer 16

a jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended.

Question 16

cytoplasmic streaming?

Answer 16

the motion of cytoplasm in a cell that results in a coordinated movement of the cells content

Question 17

ribosomes?

Answer 17

non membrane organelles responsible for protein synthesis.

Question 18

cell wall?

Answer 18

a rigid structure on the outside of certain cells, usually plant and bacteria cells.

Question 19

eukaryotic cell?

Answer 19

a cell with a membrane bound nucleus and other distinct membrane bound organelles.

Question 20

middle lamella?

Answer 20

the thin film between the cell walls of adjacent cells.

Question 21

endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 21

an organelle composed of an extensive network of folded membranes that performs several tasks within a cell.

Question 22

rough ER?

Answer 22

ER that is dotted with ribosomes.

Question 23

smooth ER?

Answer 23

ER that has no ribosomes.

Question 24

nuclear membrane?

Answer 24

a highly porous membrane that separates the nucleus from the cytoplasm?

Question 25

chromatin?

Answer 25

long strands of clusters DNA and protein in the nucleus of the cell.

Question 26

golgi apparatus?

Answer 26

the organelles where proteins and lipids are stored and then modified to suit the needs of the cell.

Question 27

vacuole?

Answer 27

larger membrane bound organelle used for storage of food, water, or waste.

Question 28

vesicle?

Answer 28

smaller membrane bound organelle used mainly for transport of food, waste, or products synthesized for secretion.

Question 29

secondary vesicle?

Answer 29

vesicle that holds products of biosynthesis (like proteins) and transports them to the plasma membrane for secretion.

Question 30

central vacuole?

Answer 30

a large vacuole that rests at the centre of most plant cells and is filled water.

Question 31

lysosomes?

Answer 31

the organelle in an animal cells responsible for hydrolysis reactions that break down proteins, carbohydrates ( polysaccharides, disaccharides) and some lipids

Question 32

peroxisome?

Answer 32

a cell organelle containing enzymes that catalyses the decomposition of fatty acids and hydrogen peroxide.

Question 33

plastids?

Answer 33

double membrane bound organelles found in the cells of plants, algae, and some protozoa, generally involved in either the manufacture or storage of food.

Question 34

chloroplasts?

Answer 34

plastids containing the green pigment, chlorophyll, used in photosynthesis.

Question 35

leucoplasts?

Answer 35

non pigmented plastids that store starches or oils.

Question 36

mitochondria?

Answer 36

double membrane bound organelles in which nutrients are converted to energy.

Question 37

cytoskeleton?

Answer 37

a network of fibres that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement.

Question 38

microfilaments?

Answer 38

fine, threadlike proteins found in the cell's cytoskeleton.

Question 39

intermediate filaments?

Answer 39

threadlike proteins in the cells cytoskeleton that are roughly twice as the microfilaments.

Question 40

microtubules?

Answer 40

spiral strands of protein molecules that form a tubelike structure.

Question 41

centrioles?

Answer 41

paired organelles that organize fibres required for cell division; found in animal cells.

Question 42

centrosomes?

Answer 42

a small region near the nucleus that is the main organising site for microtubules; in animal cell that contain the two centrioles.

Question 43

fluid mosaic model?

Answer 43

a model proposing that the plasma membrane is composed of a mosaic of components that are free to move fluidly within the plane of the membrane.

Question 44

phospholipid?

Question 44

semipermeable membrane?

Answer 44

a membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through.

Question 45

passive transport?

Answer 45

movement of molecules through the molecules without the need for energy input.

Question 46

active transport?

Answer 46

movement of molecules through plasma membrane aided by a process that requires energy input.

Question 47

concentration?

Answer 47

a measure of how much solute exists within a solvent.

Question 48

concentration gradient?

Answer 48

the difference in the concentration of like molecules in two areas, like on a each side of a plasma membrane.

Question 49

diffusion?

Answer 49

the random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration until its concentration becomes equal throughout the area.

Question 50

osmosis?

Answer 50

the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of high water concentration to low water concentration.

Question 51

hypotonic solution?

Answer 51

a solution that has a low solute concentration relative to another solution

Question 52

hypertonic solution?

Answer 52

a solution that has high solute concentration relative to another solution.

Question 53

isotonic solution?

Answer 53

a solution that has the same solute concentration relative to another solution.

Question 54

plasmolysis?

Answer 54

collapse of a walled cell's cytoplasm due to the lack of water.

Question 55

cytolysis?

Answer 55

the rupturing of a cell due to excess internal pressure.

Question 55

facilitated diffusion?

Answer 55

the movement of certain molecules across a cell membrane through the protein channels from high concentration to low concentration.

Question 56

endocytosis?

Answer 56

the process of moving particles into the cell by means of vesicle forming from the cell membrane.

Question 57

exocytosis?

Answer 57

the process of moving out the cell by means of vesicle membranes fusing with the cell membrane.

Question 58

phagocytosis?

Answer 58

the endocytic process by which a cell engulfs a large, solid particle.

Question 59

pinocytosis?

Answer 59

the endocytic process by which a cell absorbs extracellular fluid containing dissolved particles.

Question 60

chromoplasts?

Answer 60

plasmids containing yellow, orange, or red pigments used in photosynthesis.