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module 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the Closing the Gap Commission?

A

Set up in 2005 by WHO as a call for action to address social issues achieving global health equity.

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2
Q

How do advocates and scientists communicate?

A

Their communication is different.

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3
Q

What was the global life expectancy in 2018?

A

73 years.

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4
Q

What was the life expectancy in high-income countries in 2018?

A

81 years.

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5
Q

What was the life expectancy in middle-income countries in 2018?

A

72 years.

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6
Q

What was the life expectancy in low-income countries in 2018?

A

63 years.

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7
Q

What is the social gradient?

A

People in extreme poverty have worse health than the wealthy, both between and within countries.

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8
Q

How does the work environment perpetuate the social gradient?

A

Having a job and income does not guarantee greater health outcomes.

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9
Q

What are the direct and indirect health impacts of poverty?

A

It is hard to buy healthy food and attain clean and safe living conditions, and it causes stress.

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10
Q

What is the poverty trap?

A

A mechanism explaining that people in poverty are trapped unless external forces intervene by providing significant amounts of money and resources.

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11
Q

actions of those in poverty

A

They engage in a self-reinforcing mechanism that keeps them in poverty.

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12
Q

What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP) per capita?

A

GDP divided by a country’s population.

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13
Q

What is the purpose of GDP per capita?

A

It serves as a comparative measure of economy and standard of living between countries, usually presented in US currency.

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14
Q

How can SDOH inequities be overcome?

A

Health inequities and unequal health outcomes can be eliminated.

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15
Q

What is the Commission on Social Determinants of Health?

A

A WHO initiative to determine the most effective ways to mediate the impacts of social determinants of health (SDOH).

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16
Q

What does the Closing the Gap report highlight?

A

clear evidence of health inequality in the world and identifies key SDOH crucial to creating the health gap.

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17
Q

What are the goals of closing the gap in a generation?

A

To improve daily living conditions, address inequalities in power, money, and resources, measure and understand the problem, and assess the impact of actions.

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18
Q

improving daily living conditions

A

Implementing universal social protection policies, improving circumstances for children at birth, and promoting equal childhood development and education for boys and girls.

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19
Q

measuring and understanding the problem and assess impact of action

A

Increasing global health research by implementing effective measurement of health and SDOH and evaluating the impact of policies on health.

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20
Q

What are the 5 areas addressed to improve living conditions?

A
  1. Equity from the start 2. Healthy places = healthy people 3. Fair employment and healthy work 4. Social protection through life 5. Universal health care.
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21
Q

What are the 3 dimensions of housing?

A

Physical, social, and spatial.

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22
Q

What does the physical dimension of housing refer to?

A

physical condition meets all basic survival needs because poor housing conditions associated with high rate of injuries, CDs, violence, poor nutrition, and mental health problems

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23
Q

What is the social dimension of housing?

A

Affordability and home ownership, which contribute to a person’s sense of belonging and control. domestic environment important

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24
Q

spatial dimension of housing

A

The location of a house in relation to environmental factors, such as proximity to industrial waste and environmental contaminants.

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25
What are the harsh living conditions faced by Syrian refugees?
Poor sanitation, crowded living, and poor ventilation, contributing to the spread of communicable diseases and mental health issues.
26
What are the living conditions on Indigenous Reserves?
They are below standard, including long-term drinking water advisories.
27
long term drinking adversories
as of december 2020, 59 advisories in 41 communities, with Neskantaga First Nation having an advisory for over 25 years.
28
How does housing impact early childhood development and health?
Adequate living conditions are essential for healthy childhood development, influencing linguistic, cognitive, and psychosocial development
29
equity from the start
every child given same opportunities and access to education, food and nutrition, healthcare, and that they grow up in safe and healthy environments must understand how early child development years are critical to health of individual and set stage for health outcomes of population
30
What are the working conditions like in lower-status occupations?
They are often poor and associated with negative physical and psychosocial health outcomes.
31
How does job security affect health?
Unemployment negatively impacts physical and mental health due to financial insecurity and lack of opportunities.
32
What was identified about unsupervised children on construction sites in India?
In 1969, Meera Mahadevan identified this issue, leading to the founding of the Mobile Creches program.
33
Mobile Creches program
runs daycare at construction sites to provide safe environment for children of migrant workers to promote healthy development and positive health outcome
34
What are the additional benefits of the Mobile Creches program?
It increases worker productivity and creates more employment opportunities.
35
healthy places = healthy people
Improving the built environment through initiatives like WHO's Healthy Cities program.
36
WHO's Healthy Cities program
with growth of urbanization people in cities have better access but leads to sedentary lifestyles, pollution, and crowded living which can negatively impact health
37
What is crowding in urban areas?
When the volume of stores and services does not keep up with increased demand, leading to competition for resources.
38
violence and injuries
increased urbanization increases disparities in standard of living amongst citizens and higher crime rates
39
What diseases are exacerbated by urbanization?
increased risk of spread of CDs and causes changes in diet and physical activity to increase risk of obesity in children and injuries and NCDs in urban-poor.
40
How does pollution and climate change affect health?
disproportionately impacts low SDI countries with poor health infrastructure, small islands, and mega cities, mountain ranges, or polar regions
41
What are the impacts of climate change on health?
It affects air and water quality, sanitation, food production, and secure shelter.
42
What is gentrification?
process where low-value neighbourhoods experience influx of affluent residents and business, transforming neighbourhoods to high-value area
43
When does gentrification typically occur?
After other impacts of urbanization.
44
What are the consequences of gentrification?
Increased rent leading to forced displacement and changes in racial and ethnic composition.
45
What areas of improvement does the Closing the Gap in Generation report suggest?
Social protection across the life course and universal healthcare.
46
Social protection across life course
only 29% of world's population has social security so universal social protection policy needed to improve health of poor countries since most of population works in informal sector or domestically
47
What barriers exist for universal social protection policies?
limited institutional infrastructure and financial capacity and political ideologies and economic policies favouring economic growth and prosperity over well-being of population
48
What causes racial inequality in healthcare?
A lack of minority healthcare workers.
49
What is the ABC project?
longitudinal study following children from disadvantaged area of North Carolina for 35 years where one group had enriched preschool experience and access to healthcare
50
What are the 4 main pillars of optimal healthcare systems?
local action, primary level of care, equitable system, prevention, health promotion, and intervention
51
What does local action refer to in healthcare?
across range of sdoh
52
What characterizes an equitable healthcare system?
It does not rely on the ability to pay.
53
How are prevention, health promotion, and interventions valued in optimal healthcare systems?
They are valued the same as curative interventions
54
What is a notable issue in the Canadian healthcare system?
Not every person has equal access to health services or the same quality of services.
55
What does Report 4 highlight
It shows that Health Canada is not providing enough support to first nations in remote areas
56
What health inequities exist in Indigenous communities?
Issues with nursing stations, medical transportation, comparable acess and support allocation.
57
What is the staffing situation at nursing stations in Indigenous communities?
not adequately staffed, 1/45 nurses completed all 5 Health Canada training courses, ⅝ inspected in typical 5 year period.
58
What is the issue with medical transportation in remote Indigenous communities?
remote Indigenous communities lack proper and reliable medical transportation into bigger city centers with more healthcare resources
59
What happens to Indigenous people not registered under the Indian Registration System regarding medical transportation?
They can be denied medical transportation benefits and in some communities half children not registered
60
What is the issue with transparency from Health Canada regarding denied medical transportation?
There is a lack of transparency and documentation about the reasons for denial.
61
How can medical transportation be improved for Indigenous communities?
By enhancing the ways patients are transported to larger centers.
62
What does support allocation and comparable access refer to?
Health Canada did not consider health needs of remote First Nations communities when allocating support, did not establish specific and measurable criteria for comparing First Nations communities and other remote communities in terms of access to clinical and client care services
63
How can unique needs of rural and remote communities be accommodated?
Through telehealth and partnerships like the Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM).
64
What is telehealth?
A method that allows long-distance patient and clinical contact, care, and monitoring.
65
What is the accessibility of telehealth?
It is free for users in many locations and offers translation support for over 300 languages.
66
What is the Northern Ontario School of Medicine (NOSM)?
A partnership aimed at educating doctors and contributing to healthcare in Northern Ontario's diverse communities.
67
What is an outcome of NOSM's approach?
Students engage with Aboriginal or Métis communities, fostering close relationships.
68
What is intersectoral action for health (ISA)?
goals across departments align to promote health equity
69
What is market responsibility?
can bring health benefits via new tech, goods, and services, and adversely impact SDOH via economic inequalities, resource depletion, environmental pollution, unhealthy working conditions, and circulation of dangerous goods
70
What are the 3 main aspects of market responsibility?
social goods governed by public sector, legislation promotes gender equality, promote political empowerment
71
What is an example of social goods governed by the public sector?
The transition of water services to public governance.
72
gender equity
gender inequities pervade in all societies, women across globe earn less than men, girls and women do not have same opportunities for education and employment, empowering women reduces gender inequities.
73
What strategies can empower women?
legislation enforcing equity and equality, making discrimination on basis of gender illegal, investing in formal and vocational education for girls, guaranteeing pay equity, increasing investment in female sexual and reproductive health
74
What does political empowerment entail?
The ability of individuals to participate in political processes.
75
What is a top-down approach to political empowerment?
state works to guarantee complete set of rights for all citizens and fair distribution of resources
76
What is a bottom-up approach to political empowerment?
founded by self-organization of disadvantaged groups
77
south Asia healthcare
gender bias toward males social acceptable and common and girls falling behind nutritionally as result which magnifies when girls grow up to mothers
78
How do malnourished mothers affect offspring health?
impact health of offspring and female offspring may begin life malnourished
79
What is a notable issue in North American healthcare?
Gender inequity is particularly observable among LGBTIQ youth due to exclusion and fear of discrimination.
80
What is female genital mutilation (FGM)?
strongly-entrenched practice in Tanzania seen as rite of passage prior to marriage but WHO and UN stated this is violation of human rights of women and girls
81
What was the response to FGM in 1998?
criminzlized FGM in 1998 however caused many tribes to perform FGM at younger age so girls not old enough to know unfair practice
82
What is the NAFGM?
combat practice as grassroots by running rescue homes with education and vocational school for girls and educating children, midwives, and cutters
83
How does NAFGM support cutters?
It recognizes their status and offers financial rewards for transitioning to other roles.
84
What are examples of measuring and understanding problems and assessing impact?
nursing resources and reports such as MDG Task Force Report

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