Module 4-5 Flashcards
(55 cards)
Health is influenced in a positive or
negative way by a variety of factors and a
model to describe the many interactions
was first conceptualised by?
Dahlgren and Whitehead
Non-modifiable Factors:
Age and Gender
Ethnicity/Race
correlate with health outcomes and both are easy to define and measure
Age and Gender
death rates are relatively high in children up to the age of four years and then decrease, but childhood mortality and morbidity can vary within populations.
T/F
T
• influenced by factors such as cultural bonds, social ties, extended families and genetics
• useful indicator for measuring potential inequalities, it needs to be combined with other socioeconomic and demographic measures to have validity
Ethnicity/Race
Modifiable Factors:
individual lifestyle factors
social and economic factors
Living, working and socioeconomic conditions
education
environment
A)Individual factors:
i) Heredity
ii) Lifestyle
B) Environmental / surrounding factors:
i) Internal
ii) External
iii) Micro / Domestic
Socioeconomic conditions
Health and Family welfare services ( Primary health care
system )
C) Other factors:
i) Individual health factors: ( age, sex, race, rural or urban living, health facilities)
ii) Natural factors: ( air, soil, water, climate, rodents,
insects, microorganisms etc.)
– The state of health of an individual to some extent depends on his
genetic makeup.
– The genetic makeup of an individual is unique and it cannot be changed.
– A number of diseases are of genetic origin.
– Genetic defects can also lead to uncommon adverse drug reactions. • eg. Mental retardation, Diabetes, haemophilia e
Heredity
It is the way people live.
– It reflects the social values, attitudes and activities of an individual.
– An individual learns lifestyle through parents, friends, school etc.
– It is composed of cultural and behavioural patterns and lifelong personal
habits like smoking, alcoholism, drug addiction, poor hygiene, lack of
cleanliness, improper food etc.
– Health requires healthy lifestyles (balanced diet, enough sleep, and
sufficient physical activity) Many diseases are associated with lifestyles. e.g.
Obesity, heart diseases, diabetes.
Lifestyle
It refers to the coordinated, harmonious functions of every component (system) of the body, which is known as homeostasis in the body.
Internal environment
refers to all the things in the surrounding of the individual to which he is exposed i.e. air, water etc. It includes the biological and social environments. E.g. person
staying in polluted areas can develop some kind of health disorder like asthma
External environment
includes the individual way of living and lifestyle. – The environment has a direct impact on the physical, mental and social well-being of
those living in it. The environmental factors range from housing, water supply, family
structure, stress etc
Micro or domestic environment
Health status is significantly determined by the socioeconomic levels which are primarily
determined by Economic status, Education, Occupation and Political system.
Socioeconomic conditions
– purpose is to improve the health status of the
population
– cover a wide spectrum of personal and community
services for the treatment of disease, prevention of
illness and promotion of health – Examples:
• (1) Immunization, general screening programmes
for infectious diseases. Family planning
programmes.
• (2) Adequate supply of safe drinking water, proper
sanitation.
Health and Family welfare services
These indicators reflect equity of distribution of health resources in different parts of the country and provision of health care. The important indicators are:
(1) Doctor – Population ratio
(2) Doctor – Nurse Ratio
(3) Population – bed ratio
(4) Population per health/ sub-centre
(5) Population per traditional birth attendant.
are problems or challenges that affect the health of a
population or community.
– These issues can be related to infectious diseases, chronic illnesses, environmental hazards, or social and behavioral factors.
Public Health Issues
The spread of infectious diseases, such as
COVID-19, Ebola, and Zika, is a major public health concern
– can spread rapidly and have the potential to cause severe illness and death
Infectious diseases
such as heart disease, cancer, and diabetes, are leading causes of death worldwide
– often preventable through lifestyle changes and early detection and
treatment
Chronic diseases
such as air pollution, water contamination, and climate change, can have significant impacts on public health
– Exposure to these hazards can lead to respiratory problems, cancer, and
other health issues.
Environmental hazards
including alcohol and drug addiction, is a major public health issue
– can lead to a range of physical and mental health problems, as well as
social and economic issues
Substance abuse
Mental health issues, such as depression, anxiety,
and suicide, are increasingly common and have a significant impact
on public health. – can affect individuals of all ages and can lead to a range of negative
outcomes, including poor academic and work performance, social isolation,
and substance abuse
Mental health
such as poverty, lack of education,
and unhealthy lifestyle choices, can have a significant impact on
public health
– Addressing these factors is essential to improving the health and well-being
of communities.
Social and behavioral factors
