MODULE 4: Accident and Road crash Analysis Flashcards by Zyrille Shane Duclayan

One measure of accident rate is per 100,000 population.

Accident per Population

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Another measure of accident rate is per 10,000 registered vehicles.

Accident per Registered Vehicles

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Property damage-only accidents involve vehicles colliding with publicity or privately owned structures, equipment, and facilities located by the road. It also includes collision of vehicles with other vehicles without causing physical injury to the driver, passenger, or any pedestrian

Accident

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

the total entering traffic volume usually in AADT is considered. The factor of 1,000,000 is applied for convenience to obtain values of Ai within two to three digits.

Accident Rate for Intersections

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Sections-For segments oh highways 1-2 km in length, accident rates are computed based on total vehicle-kilometers of travel. the factor of 100 million is applied for convenience.

Accidents Rates for Road Sections

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

It is very alarming that most traffic accidents occurred during night time. There may be other contributing factors, but the major ones could be (a) inadequacy of street lightning, (b) lack of warning devices, and (c)0 complete disregard of traffic signals during late night or early morning. Driver factor again plays a big part, e.g., falling asleep, practice of using blinding head lights, drunkenness occurring more at night due to parties, reduced visibility due to smoke-belchers, and even occurrence of night blindness among malnourished drivers.

Accidents by Time of Day

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

3 methods in identifying blackspots or hazardous locations:

Classic Statistical Method
Rate Quality Control Method
Setting Benchmark Method

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

The method assumes that the number of accidents at locations of interest follows a standard normal probability distribution.

Classic Statistical Method

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

This is a variation of the classic statistical method. Instead of a normal distribution, the method assumes that the number of accidents at a set of locations follows a Poisson distribution. Also, the method applies only to rates and not to frequencies. It compares the rate of a particular location to the mean rate at similar locations rather than at all locations.

Rate Quality Control Method

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

requires arranging all accidents involving casualties from highest to lowest as shown. When a certain benchmark is set, say five times of the average number of accidents, then the places of locations with more accidents than this benchmark will be considered as blackspots. Perhaps using this method is more suitable for the country, especially when budget allocation for improving hazardous locations is very limited.

Setting Benchmark Method

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

An unexpected/undesired event that may result to the following:
Injury
Property Damage
Death

ACCIDENT

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Also referred to as motor vehicle collision, road accident or traffic collision

TRAFFIC ACCIDENT

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Traffic Death
UN definition:
Death that occurs within thirty (30) days of the event
Philippine Definition:
Death “at scene”

ROAD ACCIDENT

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Serious or Slight (Minor)
Based on the extent of injury sustained and length of time of recovery

INJURY

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Involve vehicles colliding with publicly/ privately owned structures
Vehicle to vehicle collision with no physical injuries to driver, passenger or other road users

PROPERTY DAMAGE (only)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

According to WHO (as of 2021), Approximately ________ people die each year as a result of road traffic crashes.

1.3 million

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

_% of GDP of most countries are road traffic crash cost

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

More than half of all road traffic deaths are among vulnerable road users:

pedestrians,
cyclists, and
motorcyclists

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__% of the world’s fatalities on the roads occur in low- and middle-income countries

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Road traffic injuries are the leading cause of death for children and young adults aged

5-29 years

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

__% of all road traffic deaths occur among young males under the age of 25 years who are almost 3 times as likely to be killed in a road traffic crash as young females

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

RISK FACTORS:

Speeding
Driving under the influence
Nonuse of motorcycle helmets, seatbelts, child restraints
Distracted driving

Inadequate post crash care
Inadequate enforcement of traffic laws

Unsafe vehicles

Unsafe road infrastructure

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Causes of Road Accident

Driver’s Error
Mechanical Error
Over Speeding
DUI
Damaged Roads
Others

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Speeding:
__% increase in mean speed increase fatal crash by 4% and serious crash injuries by 3%

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

– 42% fatal injuries reduced; - 69% head injuries reduced

Motorcycle helmet

Reduce 45 – 50% death for front seat occupants 25 % reduction fatal and serious injuries to rear seat occupants

Seatbelt use

- 60% reduction in child death

Child restraints

Rank 118 worldwide 11.40 death rate per 100,000 population 10, 627 (1.74%) deaths of all road traffic related accidents Source: WHO 2018 Road Traffic Accidents Deaths 620, 400 registered deaths in 2019 Transport death as 10th leading cause for the male population (3%)

Philippine Road Traffic Accidents

average daily traffic accidents: ____ (Metro Manila)(MMARAS 2020 Annual Report)

262

Gauged by frequency of accident occurrence

Road Safety

Key Indicators of Road Safety:

Number of accidents - Fatal - Injuries (serious/ minor) - Property damage Rates of accidents - frequency

Used to assess a country’s road safety condition

KEY SOCIOECONOMIC INDICATORS

True or false: Based on experiences of most developing countries , Increase the growth rates for all factors also increases the potential for road accidents

True

Most traffic occur during nighttime

Accidents by time of day

Contributing factors of Accidents by time of day

(a) inadequate street lighting (b) lack of warning devices (c) complete disregard of traffic signal during late night or early morning (d)Others (night blindness, dui, glare)

Causes of Accident

a. human error - Drivers error - Bad overtaking - Bad turning - Over speeding - Self Accident - Drunk driving - Using cellular while driving - hit and run - Overloading b. Mechanical defect c. Road condition d. Others (animal crossing, calamity related, etc)

hazardous locations

BLACKSPOTS

METHODS IN IDENTIFYING HAZARDOUS LOCATIONS

STATISTICAL METHODS - Classical Statistical Method - Rate Quality Control Method BENCHMARK METHODS - Setting Benchmark Method

Assumes that the number of accidents at locations of interest follows a standard normal probability distribution

CLASSICAL STATISTICAL METHOD

- A Variation of classic statistical method - number of accidents at a set of locations follows a Poisson distribution - Applies only to rates and not to frequencies - Compares the rate of a particular location to the mean rate at similar locations

RATE QUALITY CONTROL METHOD

- Requires arranging all accidents involving casualties from highest to lowest - A benchmark is set, locations with more accidents that the benchmark will be considered as blackspots - Suitable to countries with very limited budget for improvement of hazardous locations

SETTING BENCHMARK METHOD

Who is affected by economic losses due to road traffic injuries?

- nation - families - individual

Losses comes from:

- pain, grief, and suffering - medical costs - repair costs - productivity loss - administrative cost

- Cost of treating injured persons from crash - Includes doctor’s fees, medicine and time spent in hospital and long-term care

MEDICAL COST

- Allowance for the loss of quality of life, pain, grief and suffering incurred by the injured, and their family and friends

PAIN, GRIEF AND SUFFERING

- Loss Output - Value of work than an injured person would have produce during the time they were absent from work

PRODUVTIVITY LOSS

- Property damage - Cost of repairing vehicle and other property damage - Includes cost paid by the person and insurance company

VEHICLE REPAIR

- Cost incurred by police and other service in the process of attending crashes and associated activities - also include cost to administer insurance claim

ADMINISTRATIVE COST

2005: national cost of road accidents is ___% of the country’s GDP

2.8

2008: road accidents became the _____ leading cause of death

fourth

Road crashes cost at least PhP _____ billion every year

105.7

Php 5.7 B medical treatment PhP 100B opportunity losses

wooooww

Cost Component for what severity type: Lost Output Pain, grief and suffering Medical Administrative Vehicle Repair

Fatal Serious Injury

Cost Component for what severity type: Lost Output Medical Administrative Vehicle Repair

Minor injury

Cost Component for what severity type: Administrative Vehicle repair

Damage only

ESTIMATING COST ACCIDENTS METHODOLOGIES:

1.)Gross Output/ Human capital method 2.)Life Insurance method 3.)Court Award method 4.)Implicit Public sector valuation method 5.)Net Output Method 6.) Value Risk Change or Willingness-to-pay Method

- measures valuation of risk associated with road usage - determined by premiums the driver population is willing to pay

Life Insurance method

- based on actual compensation settlements awarded - influenced by degree of negligence found

Court Award method

- set of implied values is used to value human lives

Implicit Public sector valuation method

- Focuses on the economic consequences of road accident - Usually includes an estimated sum that reflects pain, grief, and suffering incurred by persons and family involved - Based on the idea that value (to society) of avoiding death or injury is related to potentially lost economic output resources - Recommended by ADB for developing countries

Gross Output/ Human capital method

- Preferred costing method in many developed countries - Best way to measure costing of accidents for benefit-cost analysis

WILLINGNESS – TO – PAY METHOD

The sum of the average daily wage rate of each person involved multiplied to the number of days off work

Injuries

Calculations performed over the rest of expected working life and discounted to an equivalent present value

Fatalities and Permanent Disabilities

Percentage of lost output (productivity loss) cost ADB recommendation: Fatal: 20% total lost income Serous Injury: 50% total lost income Minor injury: 30% total lost income

Pain, Grief and suffering

Average cost of vehicle repairs (sourced from insurance company records) multiplied by average number of vehicles involved in crash

Vehicle Damage

Annual cost of care for persons permanently and severely disabled Performed over the rest of expected life span and discounted to an equivalent present value

Long Term Medical Cost

Sum of Average length of hospital stay for each injured multiplied to by average daily cost of hospital care

Short Term Medical Cost

A percentage of resource debts ADB recommendation: Fatal accidents: 0.20 % Serious Injury: 4.0% Minor Injury: 14.0% Property damage (only): 10%

Administrative Cost

MODULE 4: Accident and Road crash Analysis Flashcards

(68 cards)