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VMICRO 2205 - LEC (GEMERLYN G. GONZALES) > Module 4 (Aeromonas, Francisella, Hemophilus, & Actinobacillus) > Flashcards

Module 4 (Aeromonas, Francisella, Hemophilus, & Actinobacillus) Flashcards

1
Q

• These are groups of microorganisms that live in aquatic habitats

• Infections caused are common
among fish and amphibians

A

AEROMONAS

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2
Q

Species associated with
animal infections Aeromonas

A

➢Aeromonas hydrophila
➢Aeromonas salmincola
➢Aeromonas shigelloids

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3
Q

Morphology, staining features and
cellular composition of Aeromonas

A

• Gram-negative
• Short, plump aerobic rods

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4
Q

Growth characteristics of Aeromonas

A

• Grow in trypticase soy agar at 22 to 25°C
• Heavy turbidity in broth

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5
Q

Reservoir of Infection Aeromonas

A

• Stools, bile and throat of avian,
cattle, swine and dogs

• Feces and dysenteric stool of swine
and dogs

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6
Q

Transmission of Aeromonas

A

Ingestion of organism

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7
Q

Diseases associated with Aeromonas species

A
  1. Red syndromes
  2. Furunculosis
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8
Q

Etiologic agent: A. hydrophila
➢ Lethargy, emaciation, ulceration of the skin

A

Red syndromes

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9
Q

➢ Systemic disease with ulceration (A. salmincola)
• Hemorrhages on the fin, tail muscles, gills and intestinal organs
• Crateriform abscesses that discharge contents to the skin (furuncle)

A

Furunculosis

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10
Q

Other signs of Aeromonas infection

A

Fin rot and ulceration of the skin

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11
Q

Virulence Factors of Aeromonas

A

• Adhesins
• Enterotoxins

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12
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Aeromonas

A

Samples: Fish and eggs

Preferred culture media:
Rimler-Shotts Medium

Agent Identification
➢ Bacterial isolation and cultivation (Trypticase soy agar)
➢ DNA primers for PCR

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13
Q

Treatment for Aeromonas

A

Oxytetracycline (60-75 mg/kg for 21 days)

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14
Q

Control and Prevention for Aeromonas

A

• Obtain fish and eggs from disease-free sources

• Stress reduction (ensuring well-aerated clean water and good nutrition)

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15
Q

• Human pathogens that occasionally infect domestic animals

A

FRANCISELLA

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16
Q

Species associated with animal
infections Francisella

A

➢Francisella tularensis
➢Francisella philomigaria
➢Francisella novicida

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17
Q

Morphology, staining features and cellular composition of Francisella

A

• Gram-negative coccobacilli
• Fresh cultures possess capsules with high lipid and amino acid content
• Older cultures show pleomorphism

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18
Q

Growth characteristics of Francisella

A

• Fastidious aerobes that prefer to grow in glucose-cysteine-blood agar

• Survives cold temperature in water, soil
and animal lesions

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19
Q

Reservoir of Infection Francisella

A

• Rabbits
• Rodents

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20
Q

Transmission of Francisella

A

• Ingestion of infected prey, feed and water
• Bites of infected blood-sucking
insects

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21
Q

Diseases associated with Francisella species

A
  1. Tularemia
22
Q

Etiologic agent: F. tularensis
• Systemic infection marked by ulcerative inflammatory and necrotic lesions

A

Tularemia

23
Q

Virulence Factors of Francisella

A

• Capsular lipids

24
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Francisella

A

Samples: tissue samples

Preferred culture media: Glucose cystein blood
agar

Agent identification
➢Bacterial cultivation
➢Guinea pig inoculation
➢PCR using primers for pathogenic Francisella

25
Q

Treatment for Francisella

A

• Streptomycin
• Tetracycline
• Aminoglycosides

26
Q

Control and prevention for Francisella

A

• Limiting tick exposure
and access to contaminated feed and water

27
Q

➢Organisms require one or both of two growth factors (porphyrins or nicotinamide as X factor) and adenine dinucleotide (NAD, NADP) as V factor
➢Organisms exhibit satellite formation

A

Hemophilus

28
Q

Species associated with animal infections Hemophilus

A

➢Hemophilus parasuis
➢Hemophilus paragallinarum
➢Hemophilus somnus
➢Hemophilus agni

29
Q

Morphology, staining features and
cellular composition of Hemophilus

A

• Gram-negative tiny rods that form longer filaments
• Non-sporeforming, non-motile aerobic but some are facultative anaerobes
• Some forms are pleomorphic, capsulated and piliated
• Capsules are composed of polysaccharides

30
Q

Growth characteristics of Hemophilus

A

• Organisms do not grow in plain or glycerol-containing agar
• Growth is enhanced by hemin and NAD and chocolate agar
• Turbid in broth
• Grows luxuriantly when a feeder bacterium is cross-streaked (satellism) with the organism

31
Q

Reservoir of Infection Hemophilus

A

➢Respiratory tract (sick/carrier animals)
➢Nasopharynx (pigs)
➢Genital tracts (cattle and sheep)

32
Q

Transmission of Hemophilus

A

• Airborne
• Direct contact

33
Q

Diseases associated with Hemophilus species

A
  1. Bronchopneumonia in animals
  2. Glasser’s Disease (Swine influenza)
  3. Thrombotic meningo-encephalitis of cattle
  4. Respiratory, mammary, epididymitis and septicemias in sheep
34
Q

• secondary to viral infections {swine influenza} and other bacterial infections caused by Pasteurella and Mycoplasma spp.
• marked by sero-fibrinous to fibrino-purulent secretions in the lungs, body cavities and joints

A

Bronchopneumonia in Animals

35
Q

Etiologic agent: H. parasuis
➢Common among young weaned pigs raised in stressful conditions
➢Bronchopneumonia secondary to bacterial and viral infections

A

Glasser’s disease (Swine influenza)

36
Q

Etiologic agent: H. paragallinarum
➢Catarrhal inflammation of the upper respiratory tract

A

Coryza in Chickens

37
Q

Etiologic agent: H. somnus
➢marked by septicemia, meningoencephalitis and motor and behavioral abnormalities

A

Thrombotic meningo-encephalitis of
cattle

38
Q

Etiologic agent: H. somnus, H. agni

A

Respiratory, mammary, epididymitis
and septicemias in sheep

39
Q

Virulence Factors of Hemophilus

A

• Capsular polysaccharides (antiphagocytic functions)
• Heat-labile cytotoxins
• Outer membrane proteins (bind transferin –
iron complexes)
• Lipopolysaccharides (initiate release of cytokines IL1 and TNF from macrophages)
• Endotoxin
• Adherence to epithelium, endothelium and immunoglobulins
• Resistance to killing by complement proteins and phagocyte killing

40
Q

Laboratory diagnosis of Hemophilus

A

Samples (Nasal secretions, infected tissues or fluids)

Preferred culture media: Chocolate agar

Agent identification
➢Bacterial isolation and cultivation (media that contains substances that provide the X and V factors)
➢Porphyrin test (determines X factor)
➢Serology (Agglutination, Hemagglutination-inhibition tests)

41
Q

Treatment for Hemophilus

A

• Penicillin
• Tetracycline
• Ceftiofur
• Tilmicosin

42
Q

Control and Prevention for Hemophilus

A

• Immunization of animals at risk
• Elimination of carriers
• Depopulation of infected flocks

43
Q

➢ Microorganisms are agents of local and septicemic infections of animals
➢ Commensals of mucus membranes
➢ Opportunistic pathogens when integrity of the host’s defenses is compromised

A

ACTINOBACILLUS

44
Q

Species associated with animal infections Actinobacillus

A

• Actinobacillus lignieresii
• Actinobacillus equuli
• Actinobacillus suis
• Actinobacillus capsulatus
• Actinobacillus salpingitis
• Actinobacillus seminis
• Actinobacillus pleuropneumonia

45
Q

Morphology, staining features and
cellular composition of Actinobacillus

A

➢ Gram-negative coccobacilli
➢ Capsulated (A. pleuropneumonia) and non-capsulated forms are present
➢ Some are piliated
➢ Contain LPS with adhesive properties to tracheal epithelia
➢ Some produce outer membrane protein that binds transferrin-iron complexes
➢ Produce periplasmic iron-binding protein (AfuA/actinoferric uptake)
➢ Form aggregates or clumps in small cheese-like grayish white sulfur granules

46
Q

Growth characteristics of Actinobacillus

A

• Require blood and serum
• Hemolytic forms exist
• Carbohydrate fermenters (no gas
production)
• Reduce nitrates to nitrites
• Produce urease, ortho-nitro-phenyl-beta-D-
galacto-pyranosidase and nitrite

47
Q

Reservoir of Infection Actinobacillus

A

• Sick and carrier animals

48
Q

Transmission of Actinobacillus

A

• Endogenous infections

49
Q

Diseases associated with Actinobacillus species

A
  1. Pyo-granuloma of ruminants (Wooden tongue)
  2. Porcine pleuropneumonia (Respiratory septicemia in swine)
  3. Arthritis of rabbits (A. capsulatus)
  4. Salpingitis and peritonitis of chickens (A. salpingitis)
  5. Navel ill/umbilical infection of
    newborn foals (A. equuli)
  6. Epididymitis in rams (A. seminis)
50
Q

Virulence Factors of Actinobacillus

A

• Adherence to ciliated and alveolar epithelia
• Capsule with antiphagocytic function
• RTX-type hemolysins (ApxI, ApxII and ApxIII pleurotoxin) that kill macrophages and neutrophils
• Pili-mediated adherence to alveolar epithelium
• Lipopolysaccharides (induce inflammatory response and subsequent release of pro-inflammatory cytokines ILI and TNF)
• Outer membrane proteins (bind transferrin-iron complexes)

51
Q

Treatment for Actinobacillus

A

• Gentamycin
• Cephalosporins
• Ceftiofur
• Kanamycin
• Trimethoprim-sulfa combination
• Oral administration of iodides for wooden tongue

52
Q

Prevention and Control for Actinobacillus

A

• Elimination of infected animals
• Mass medication to eradicate infection
• Avoiding harsh dry feed
• Navel disinfection

VMICRO 2205 - LEC (GEMERLYN G. GONZALES) (5 decks)

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