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MIDTERMS > MODULE 4 - CC LEC > Flashcards

MODULE 4 - CC LEC Flashcards

1
Q

What are hydrates of aldehyde or ketone derivates

A

Carbohydrates

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2
Q

Basis of the carbohydrates is the location__

A

carboxyl functional group

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3
Q

Carbohydrates __ to the cell membrane and determines __ of some molecules specifically blood groups

A

Structural integrity, antigenicity

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4
Q

are the determinants of blood type of one person

A

carbohydrates or sugars that coat the rbc

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5
Q

explain why carbohydrates or sugars that coats the rbc are determinants of blood type of a person

A

because the antigens for ABO blood group is at the surface of the rbc so in determining ABO blood group, we relate sugar found in the surface of the rbc

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6
Q

is a type of carbohydrate from plant products
commonly in the form of STARCH (ex rice)

A

exogenous carbohydrates

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7
Q

Is also called animal starch, often disintegrates upon death of animal

A

glycogen, thats why eating meat products are not good becasuse it has broken down carbs

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8
Q

Excess carbohydrate that is stored in the liver and your muscles in the form of glycogen

A

Endogenous carbohydrates

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9
Q

Explain what will happen when there is excess amount of CHO that we intake

A

When we intake excess amounts of carbohydrates than what the body needs, it will be converted into fat which will be stored in the adipose tissue and glycogen which will be stored in the liver and muscles

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9
Q

Explain what will happen when there is excess amount of CHO that we intake

A

When we intake excess amounts of carbohydrates than what the body needs, it will be converted into fat which will be stored in the adipose tissue and glycogen which will be stored in the liver and muscles

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10
Q

Muscle glycogen can be used by other tissues if there is lack of glucose from other tissues T/F

A

FALSE. Muscle glycogen are onky available in the muscles meaning that the muscle glycogen cannot be converted back to glucose and use it for other tissues

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11
Q

So we all know that fats are excess CHO stored in the adipose tissue. Can we convert back fats if we lack glucose in the body?

A

YES. If glucose level lowers, we can convert back fats in adipose tissue to glucose to use for energy.

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12
Q

What are the basis of CHO classification

A
  1. size of base carbon chain
  2. Location of CO function group
  3. Number of sugar units
  4. Stereochemistry of compound
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13
Q

3 base carbon chains

A

trioses

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14
Q

4 base carbon chain

A

tetroses

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15
Q

5 base carbon chains

A

pentoses

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16
Q

6 base carbon chains

A

hexoses

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17
Q

Simplest and smallest carbohydrate and has only 3 carbon coumpound (triose)

A

Glyceraldehyde

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18
Q

LOCATION OF CO FUNCTIONAL GROUP
has terminal aldehyde group

A

Aldose

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19
Q

LOCATION OF CO FUNCTIONAL GROUP
Ketone group in the middle

A

ketose

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20
Q

Building blocks of carbohydrates

A

monosacccharides

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21
Q

2 monosaccharides being linked together by a glycosidic linkage

A

disaccharides

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22
Q

links 2 saccharides

A

glycosidic linkage

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23
Q

Monosaccharides are composed of: (glg)

A

glucose, fructose, galactose

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24
Q

Monosaccharides found in sucrose

A

glucose and fructose

25
Q

Monosaccharides found in lactose

A

glucose and galactose

26
Q

Monosaccharides found in maltose

A

2 glucose molecules

27
Q

Formed by linkages of many monosaccharide units

A

polysaccharides

28
Q

polysaccharides are composed of

A

starch, cellulose, glycogen

29
Q

Usual carbohydrate taken up by body is in form of __ from __ products

A

starch, plant

30
Q

Form of carbohydrate that as it enters until it goes out of the body, it still is in the same form

A

cellulose

31
Q

explain why cellulose is not changed even if enters and goes out of the body

A

because there is no enzyme necessary to degrade cellulose into simpler products

32
Q

Major component of stool

A

cellulose

33
Q

Cleaves to starch breaks down glycosidic linkages converts smaller molecules

A

salivary amylase

34
Q

Salivary amylase is between
___ and very effective if its ph is ___.

A

5.8-7.0, alkaline

35
Q

Amylase convert starch into ____

A

starch dextrins

36
Q

salivary amylase require ___ from mouth to help break down starch

A

Chloride ions

37
Q

Salivary amylase catalyzes the hydrolysis of __ in starch, glycogen and dextrin and convert them to ___ maltose and oligosaccharides

A

a-1,4 glycosidic linkages; maltose, oligosaccharides

38
Q

Responsible for acidic ph in the stomach

A

parietal cells of stomach

39
Q

Carbohydrate digestion occurs when chyme reaches ___ of small intestine

A

duodenum

40
Q

Carbohydrate digestion continues to the duodenum due to the action of __

A

pancreatic amylase

41
Q

also called pancreatic amylase

A

amylopsin, alpha amylase

42
Q

digestion happens when there is acidic ph t/f

A

false, alkaline

43
Q

2nd digestion happens in the _

A

small intestine

44
Q

Important source of energy for many vital organs especially in cases of starvation

A

ketone bodies

45
Q

fatty acids are brought to the liver where they are converted to __

A

acetyl coA

46
Q

Conversion of glucose to glycogen

A

glycogenesis

47
Q

Reverse process, breakdown of glycogen to glucose

A

glycogenolysis

48
Q

Formation of glucose from non-ccarbohydrate sources such as amino acids, glycerol or lactate

A

gluconeogenesis

49
Q

Conversion of glucose into lactate and pyruvate

A

glycolysis

50
Q

Oxidation of glucose to carbon dioxide and water occurs through the ___ which produces the reduced form of NADPH

A

Hexose Monophosphate Shunt Pathway

51
Q

Only carbohydrate used for energy

A

glucose

52
Q

What are your intermediate products

A

Pyruvate acid, Lactic acid, Acetyl CoA

53
Q

Glucose is converted to __ using ATP

A

Glucose-6-phosphate

54
Q

Involves in the maintenance of of glucose levels or metabolism of carbohydrate

A

pancreas

55
Q

Secretes insulin, glucagon and somastatin from cells found in alpha, beta and delta islets of langerhans in the pancreas

A

Endocrine glands

56
Q

Produces and secretes amylase responsible for breakdown of ingested complex carbohydrates

A

Exocrine glands

57
Q

Synthesized by beta cells of islets of langerhans and is the primary hormone resonsible for entry of glucose into the cell

A

insulin

58
Q

Insulin promotes conversion of glucose to fats

A

Lipogenesis

59
Q

peptidehormone with mass of 5800 daltons consists of 51 amino acids

A

insulin

60
Q

Primary hormone for increasing glucose

A

glycogen

61
Q

differentiate type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus

A

type 1 has autoimmune antibodies specifically GAD65 and IAA that attacks beta cells thus leading to low insulin productio

type 2 its either there is no damage to beta cells but to the receptors. ur body either does not make enough insulin or u are insulin resistant

MIDTERMS (6 decks)

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