Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

BIOL1130 > Module 4 - Cell Functions > Flashcards

Module 4 - Cell Functions Flashcards

(86 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

what are the main points of cell theory?

A
  • all organisms are composed of one or more cells
  • life processes occur within cells
  • basic units of life
  • new cells arising from existing cells
  • no spontaneous generation of new cells
  • cells descend from early cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

why are most cells small?

A

due to diffusion limits and the surface-area-to-volume ratio

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what factors affect teh rate of diffusion in cells?

A

surface area, temperature, concentration gradient, diffusion distance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what challeneges do larger cells face?

A

longer diffusion times, higher energy and macromolecule synthesus needs, more waste removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

how is genetic material organised in prokaryotes vs eukaryotes?

A

prokaryptes: single circular DNA in nucleoid (no membrane)
eukaryotes: linear chromosomes inside a membrane-bound nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is the cytoplasm?

A

semifluid matrix containing sugars, amino acids, proteins and macromolecules; cytosol is the fluid part

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is the plasma membrane?

A

a phospholipod bilayer with embedded proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the two domains of prokayotes?

A

archaea and bacteria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is a magnetosome?

A

membrane-bound structure is some prokayotes containing iron oxide, used for magnetic orientation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how do prokaryotes compensate for lack kof internal membranes?

A

through infoldings of the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is peptidoglycan?

A

a carb matrix cross-linked with peptides that forms bacterial cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

how do antibiotics like penicillin work?

A

they interefere with peptidoglycan cross-linking in bacterial cell walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is teh central vacuole?

A

a plant cell organelle for storing proteins, pigments and waste

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the function of the nucleus?

A

stores genetic information for proetin synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the nucleous?

A

region in the nucleus where rRNA is synthesised

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are ribosomes made of?

A

rRNA and porteins, forming two subunits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what is the ER

A

a network of membranes involved in portein and lipid synthesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is the function of the RER?

A

synthesises proteins for export, membranes or organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the function of the SER

A

synthesises lipids, stores Ca2+ and detoxifies for metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what does the golgi apparatus do?

A

modifies, sorts and packages proteins and lipids, synthesises noncellulose polysaccharides

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are cisternae?

A

flattened membrane stacks in the GA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

vesticles with digestive enzymes from GA that degrade macromolecules and old organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are vacuoles used for in plant cells?

A

storage and maintaining water balance, membrane is called the tonoplast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what does the mitochondria do?

A

generate ATP through oxidative metabolism

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what do chrloroplasts do?
use light energy to synthesise ATP and sugars, contain chlorophyll
26
what is the endosymbiotic theory?
eukaryotic organelles like mitochrondira and chloroplasts originated from symbiotic relationships between early cells
27
what is teh function of cell wall?
matians shape, portects the cell and prevents water loss/uptake
28
what do free ribosomes do?
synthesise proteins for the cytoplasm, nucleus, mitrochrondira and other non-endomembrane organelles
29
what do membrane-bound ribosomes do?
synthesise proteins for membranes, endomebrane system or for export
30
what proteins are modified in the RER?
short carb chains to form glycorproteins
31
what are the cis and trans faces of the GA
cis - receiving side (from ER) trans - shipping side (to vesticles)
32
what is synthesised in the Golgi for the cell wall?
noncellulose polysaccharides
33
what is the tonoplast?
the membrane surrounding the vacuole
34
what does the second law of thermodynamics state about energy and disorder?
some energy is lost as disorder (entropy) increases; energy transformations are never 100%
35
what happens to unavaliable energy during energy transformations?
it increases the random motion of molecules and the number of energy states (entropy)
36
when do energy transformations proceed spontaneously?
when they convert matter from more oredered and less stable to less ordered and more stable
37
what is the Gibbs free energy equation?
ΔG = ΔH − TΔS
38
what does a negative delta G indicate about a reaction?
reaction is spontaneous, exergonic
39
what type of reaction is indicated when delta G is positive?
non-spontaneous, endergonic
40
what is the main purpose of cellular respiration?
to extract energy from chemical bonds via oxidation of organic compounds
41
what is cellular oxidaiton ussually coupled with?
dehydrogenation of carbohydrates, proteins and fats to CO2 and H2O
42
what is the role of NAD+ in redox reactions?
it acts as an electron acceptor, capturing energy to make ATP
43
what is the difference between aerobic and anaerobic respiration?
aerobic uses oxygen as final electron acceptor, anaerobic uses inorgnic, fermentaion uses organic
44
what are the two ways cells produce more ATP?
substrate-level phosphorylation and oxidative phosphorylation
45
what is substrate-level phosphorylation?
direct transfer of a phosphate group to ADP from an intermediate
46
what is oxidative phosphorylation?
uses energy from a proton gradient and ATP synthase
47
where does glycolysis occur?
cytoplasm
48
what are the net products of glycolysis?
2 ATO, 2 NADH, and 2 pyruvate
49
what are the priming reactions in glycolyisis?
first 3 reactions using 2 ATP to prepare glucose for cleavage
50
what happens in the cleavage stage?
6-carbon sugar splits into two 3-carbon G3P molecules
51
what molecule enters the Krebs cycle?
acetyl-CoA
52
what is formed when acetyl is added to oxaloacetate?
citrate, a 6 carbon tricarboxylic acid
53
where does the Krebs cycle occur?
mitochrondria matrix
54
what are the main products of the Krebs cycle?
CO2, NADH and FADH2
55
what makes glucose a good energy source for cells?
C–H bonds are high in potential energy, which can be harvested gradually
56
what is the role of the final electron acceptor in respiration?
to receive electrons at the end of the ETC, completing redox cycle
57
what is the significance of NADH?
stores high energy electrons that are used to reduce other moelcules or fuel ATP production
58
what part of NAD+ accepts electrons?
NMP portion is reduced by accepting electrons and a proton
59
how is ATP formed in a substrate-level phosphorylation?
by transferring a phosphate group directing from a substrate to ADP
60
what molecule combines with acetyl CoA to begin the Citric Acid Cycle?
oxaloacetate
61
which organisms perform anoxygenic photosynthesis?
purple bacteria, green sulfur bacteria, green non-sulfur bacteria and heliobacteria
62
which organisms perform oxygenic photosynthesis?
cyanobacteria, seven groups of algae and all land plants
63
what is the thylakoid membrane?
a phospholipid bilayer organised into flattened discs (thylakoids) that contain macherinery for ATP synthesis and light-absorbing pigments
64
what is the stroma?
semi-liquid compartment outside the thylakoid membrane containing enzymes
65
what are photosystems?
organised groups of photosynethetic pigments in the thylakoid membrane that absorb light
66
what are the major pigments in plants for light absorbtion?
chlorophylls and carotenoids
67
which wavelengths do chlorophyll a and b absorb best?
violet/blue and red
68
what happens to light energy in a photosystem?
its transferred from one pigment to another until it reaches a key chlorophyll molecule, then used to excite an electrons
69
how are light intensity and photosynthesis rate related?
linerly related at LOW light intensites and saturate high intesnsites
70
what are the four stages of light-dependent reactions?
primary photoevent, charge separation, electron transport, chemiosomosis
71
what is the role of ATP synthase in photosynthesis?
uses the proton gradient acroos the thylakoid membrane to synthesis ATP
72
what are the two photosystems in chloroplasts?
PSI (P700) and PSII (P680)
73
what does PSII do?
absorbs light at 680 nm and oxidises water to releases electrons
74
what does PSI do>
absorbs light at 700 nm and passes electrons to NADP+ to form NADPH
75
what is the cytochrome b6-f complex?
an electron carrier complex that helps transfer electrons between the two photosystems and pump proton across they thylakoid membrane
76
what is the Calvin cycle?
fixes CO2 into organic molecules using ATP and NADPH
77
what is the first stable product of the Calvin cycle?
3-phosphoglycerate (3PG), a 3-carbon compound
78
what enxyme catalyses CO2 fixation in the Calvin cycle?
ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (RuBisCO)
79
what molecule reacts with CO2 in teh Calvin cycle?
Ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP)
80
what is G3P?
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate, a 3-carbon sugar produced in the Calvin Cycle and precursor to glucose
81
how many CO2 molecules are needed to make one G3P
3
82
what is the net reaction of the Calvin cyle?
6 CO₂ + 18 ATP + 12 NADPH + water → 2 G3P + 16 Pi + 18 ADP + 12 NADP⁺
83
primary photoevent
light captured by pigment, excites an electron
84
charge separation
excited energy transferred to reaction centre to energetic electron to acceptor molecule initiation electron transport
85
electron transport
excited electrons move alone series of electron carrier molecules in photosynthetic membrane, reduce final acceptor, NADPH
86
chemiosmosis
protons that accumulate on one side of the membrane flow across membrane through ATP synthase, aerobic respiration

BIOL1130 (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions