module 4 core organic Flashcards
(89 cards)
1
Q
Aliphatic
A
a compound containing carbon and hydrogen atoms joined in straight or branched
chains or in non-aromatic rings
2
Q
Alicyclic
A
an aliphatic compound that is arranged in non-aromatic rings (with or without side chains).
3
Q
Alkane
A
a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2.
4
Q
Alkyl
A
a group with the general formula CnH2n+1
5
Q
Aromatic
A
an organic compound containing a benzene ring
6
Q
Curly Arrow
A
shows the movement of a pair of electrons. Curly arrows must start from a
bond, a lone pair of electrons or a negative change
7
Q
Dipole
A
a partial charge on an atom which is caused by the differing electronegativities of
atoms in a covalent bond
8
Q
Displayed Formula
A
the relative positions of atoms and the bonds between them
9
Q
Empirical Formula
A
the simplest whole number ratio of atoms of each element present in a
compound
10
Q
Functional Group
A
a group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a
compound
11
Q
General Formula
A
the simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series. E.g.
Alkane: CnH2n+2.
12
Q
Heterolytic Fission
A
when a covalent bond breaks, one bonding atom receives both
electrons from the bonded pair.
13
Q
Homologous Series
A
a series of organic compounds containing the same functional group
with successive members differing by -CH2
14
Q
Homolytic Fission
A
when a covalent bond breaks, each bonding atom receives one electron
from the bonding pair, forming 2 radicals
15
Q
IUPAC
A
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
16
Q
Molecular Formula
A
the number and type of atoms of each element in a molecule
17
Q
Nomenclature
A
the naming system for compounds.
18
Q
Organic Compound
A
a carbon-containing compound
19
Q
Radical
A
a species with an unpaired electron
20
Q
Reaction Mechanism
A
a series of steps that represent the overall reaction by showing the
breaking and forming of bonds using curly arrows
21
Q
Saturated
A
an organic compound which only contains C-C single bonds
22
Q
Skeletal Formula
A
a: the simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from
alkyl chains, leaving the carbon skeleton and the functional groups
23
Q
Structural Formula
A
the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule
24
Q
Structural Isomers
A
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural
formulae
25
Unsaturated
an organic compound which contains at least one C=C double bond, a C≡C
triple bond or an aromatic ring.
26
σ-bond:
a type of covalent bond which forms when atomic orbitals overlap head-on. Sigma
(σ) bonds can rotate freely
27
Alkane
a homologous series with the general formula CnH2n+2
28
Complete Combustion
when a compound is burnt in a plentiful supply of oxygen. When
alkanes are completely combusted, the only products are water and carbon dioxide
29
Covalent Bond
a strong bond formed between 2 atoms due to the electrostatic attraction
between a shared pair of electrons and the atomic nuclei
30
Homolytic Fission
when a covalent bond breaks, each bonding atom receives one electron
from the bonding pair, forming 2 radicals
31
hydrocarbon
a compound which contains hydrogen and carbon atoms only
32
Incomplete Combustion
when a compound is burnt in a limited supply of oxygen. When
alkanes are incompletely combusted, water, carbon monoxide, particulates and some carbon dioxide may be produced
33
Initiation
the first step in a radical substitution mechanism, involving the formation of the
radicals.
34
Propagation
the intermediate steps in a radical substitution mechanism where a radical
reacts with another species
35
Termination
the final steps in a radical substitution mechanism in which 2 radicals react
together to form a species which only contains paired electrons
36
Radical Substitution
a type of substitution reaction in which a radical replaces another atom/ group of atoms in a compound. Alkanes can undergo radical substitution reactions with chlorine or bromine in the presence of UV light, forming a mixture of organic products (further substitution or reactions at different positions may occur)
37
Saturated
an organic compound which only contains single C-C bonds
38
π-bond
a type of covalent bond formed when adjacent p orbitals overlap sideways above
and below the bonding C atoms. Pi (π) bonds can’t be rotated. As π-bonds have low bond enthalpy, alkenes are more reactive than alkanes
39
Addition Polymerisation
the formation of a long chain molecule when many monomers join
together (the polymer is the only product)
40
Addition Reaction
a reaction in which molecules combine to form a single product.
41
Biodegradable
a substance that can be decomposed by bacteria or other living organisms
42
Cahn-Ingold-Prelog (CIP) Priority Rules
a set of rules used to identify whether a stereoisomer is E or Z. Atoms with a higher atomic number have a higher priority. If the higher priority substituents on the same side of the double bond (both above or below), it’s the Z isomer whereas if the highest priority groups are on the opposite sides (one above and one below), it’s the E isomer
43
Cis-Trans Isomerism
a type of E/Z isomerism in which the two substituent groups attached to the cabon atoms are the same. According to the CIP priority rules, cis isomers have the highest priority substituents on the same side of the double bond (both above or below) while trans isomers have them on the opposite sides (one above and one below).
44
Electrophile
an electron pair acceptor
45
Electrophilic addition
a reaction in which a π bond is broken and 2 new σ bonds form as a
result of the addition of an electron pair acceptor (electrophile)
46
E/Z Isomerism
a type of stereoisomerism caused by the restricted rotation of π bonds. Two
different groups must be attached to each carbon atom of the C=C group. According to the CIP priority rules, Z isomers have the highest priority substituents on the same side of the double bond (both above or below) while E isomers have them on the opposite sides (one above and one below).
47
Markownikoff’s Rule
used to predict what the major product of an addition reaction will be
when H-X is added to an unsymmetrical alkene. H attaches to the less substituted carbon to generate the more stable carbocation intermediate
48
Monomer
a small molecule that is used to form polymers.
49
Photodegradable
a substance that can be broken down by light
50
Polymer
a large molecule made from many small units that have been bonded together.
51
Repeat Unit
a structure within a polymer that appears over and over again. Joining many
repeat units together would form the polymer
52
Primary Carbocation
a molecule in which the carbon with the positive charge is only
attached to one alkyl group. This is the least stable carbocation.
53
Secondary Carbocation
a molecule in which the carbon with the positive charge is
attached to two alkyl groups. This is more stable than a primary carbocation but less stable than a tertiary carbocation
54
Tertiary Carbocation
a molecule in which the carbon with the positive charge is attached to
three alkyl groups. This is the most stable type of carbocation
55
Stereoisomers
compounds with the same structural formula but a different arrangement of
atoms in space.
56
Alcohol
an organic compound containing the OH functional group. The polarity of the OH
functional group means that alcohols can form hydrogen bonds and are soluble in water (when the alkyl chain is short). In addition to this, alcohols have a relatively low volatility compared with alkanes
57
Aldehyde
an organic compound containing the -CHO functional group. Aldehydes can be
formed from the oxidation of primary alcohols using Cr2O7 2-/H+ and distillation.
58
Carboxylic Acid
an organic compound containing the -COOH functional group. Carboxylic
acids can be formed from the oxidation of primary alcohols using Cr2O7
2-/H+ and reflux.
59
Elimination
a type of reaction in which 2 atoms/ groups of atoms are removed from a
molecule
60
Haloalkanes
an organic compound containing a halogen atom (F/ Cl/ Br/ I) bound to an
alkyl chain. Haloalkanes can be formed from alcohols via a substitution reaction with halide ions in the presence of acid
61
Ketone
an organic compound containing the C=O functional group in the middle of an alkyl chain. Ketones can be formed by the oxidation of a secondary alcohol
62
Oxidation
the loss of electrons/ increase in oxidation number. Alcohols can be oxidised
using Cr2O7
2-/H+
63
Oxidising Agent
a substance that can oxidise another species while being reduced.
64
Primary Alcohol
an alcohol in which the OH is attached to a primary carbon atom (i.e.
RCH2OH). Primary alcohols can be oxidised to form either an aldehyde or a carboxylic acid, depending on the conditions.
65
Secondary Alcohol
an alcohol in which the OH is attached to a secondary carbon atom
(i.e. R2CHOH). Secondary alcohols can be oxidised under reflux with Cr2O7
2-/H+ to form a ketone.
66
Tertiary Alcohol
an alcohol in which the OH is attached to a tertiary carbon atom (i.e.
R3COH). Tertiary alcohols cannot be oxidised
67
CFC
a class of compound made up of carbon, fluorine and chlorine, used as refrigerants and aerosol propellants. CFCs can be broken down by UV light in the upper atmosphere to form chlorine radicals which catalyse the breakdown of ozone
68
Hydrolysis
the breakdown of a compound as a result of a reaction with water. The rate of
haloalkane hydrolysis for different carbon-halogen bonds can be determined via a reaction with water in the presence of AgNO3 and ethanol
69
Nucleophile
an electron pair donor
70
Nucleophilic Substitution
a reaction in which an electron pair donor attacks an
electrophilic atom (an atom with a partial or full positive charge) to replace an atom / group of atoms
71
ozone
a molecule with the formula O3, which absorbs UV light in the atmosphere. The breakdown of ozone can be catalysed by chlorine radicals as well as other radicals such as *NO
72
Substitution
a reaction in which one atom/ group of atoms replaces another. Haloalkanes
can undergo substitution reactions with aqueous alkali or with water. The rate of reaction increases from C-F to C-I due to the decreasing bond enthalpy of the carbon-halogen bond
73
Anhydrous Salt
a salt such as MgSO4 or CaCl2 which is used to remove traces of water from an organic solution
74
Distillation
a technique in which a liquid is heated then the vapour is cooled and collected in
a separate flask to the reaction mixture. During distillation, the condenser must be positioned horizontally
75
Reflux
the continual boiling and condensing of a reaction mixture. This is to ensure that the reaction goes to completion. During reflux, the condenser must be positioned vertically.
76
Quickfit Apparatus
glassware that easily fits together in a variety of arrangements
77
Redistillation
a technique used to purify an organic liquid using multiple distillations
78
Separating Funnel
a piece of apparatus that is used to purify an organic liquid by removing
the organic layer from an aqueous layer
79
Synthetic Route
a series of steps that are followed to make a specific compound
80
Elemental Analysis
a sample is analysed to determine the proportion of elements that
make up the compound present. This is done by converting a known amount of an unknown sample into simple known compounds
81
Fragmentation
during mass spectrometry, unstable molecular ions break down into smaller
fragments
82
Fragment Ions
smaller ions formed when an unstable molecular ion breaks down during
mass spectrometry
83
Infrared Radiation
a type of electromagnetic radiation that is absorbed by covalent bonds,
causing them to vibrate at a specific frequency
84
Infrared Spectroscopy
a technique used to identify particular bonds and functional groups
within a molecule. This technique has been used to link global warming with increased energy usage as atmospheric gases containing C=O, O-H and C-H bonds (such as CO2, H2O and CH4) show distinct peaks on IR spectra. IR spectroscopy is used to monitor gases causing air pollution (CO and NO from car emissions) and to measure alcohol in the breath in modern breathalysers
85
M+1 Peak
a small peak on a mass spectrum caused by the presence of a small proportion
of carbon-13.
86
M/Z Ratio
the mass to charge ratio on a mass spectrum. This is equivalent to the mass of
an ion.
87
Mass spectrometry
: a technique used to identify compounds and determine relative
molecular mass.
88
Molecular Ion Peak
the peak on a mass spectrum with the highest m/z value, used to
determine molecular mass of a compound
89
Molecular Mass
the total number of atoms of each element in the compound.
