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Chemistry: A-level > Module 4: Core Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Module 4: Core Organic Chemistry Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

What are the first 10 alkanes called?

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane, Decane.

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2
Q

What is meant by the General Formula of an Organic Compound?

A

An algebraic formula for a homologous series. eg. CnH2n+2 (alkanes)

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3
Q

What is meant by the Structural formula of an Organic Compound?

A

A formula which shows the arrangement of atoms in a compound but does not show all the bonds between them (eg. propane: CH₃CH₂CH₃)

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4
Q

What is meant by the Displayed Formula of an Organic Compound?

A

A formula showing the positions of atoms in a molecule and the bonds between them.

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5
Q

What is meant by the Skeletal Formula of an Organic Compound?

A

A simplified displayed formula, no carbons or hydrogens, just the ‘skeleton’ of the compound and attached functional groups.

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6
Q

What is the process/rules to name an alkane (nomenclature)? (7 points)

A
  1. Find the longest carbon chain
  2. Identify side-branches
  3. Identify functional groups
  4. Number the chains so branches with high priority are lower numbers.
  5. ‘di,’ ‘tri,’ ‘tetra,’ ect used for more than one of the same branch.
  6. Branches in alphabetical order
  7. Commas between numbers and hyphens to separate numbers from words (2,2-)
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7
Q

What Prefix/Suffix is attached to the functional group alcohol? What is the formula?

A

-OH
Prefix: Hydroxy-
Suffix: -ol

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8
Q

What is the formula of the functional group of an aldehyde? What is its suffix?

A
  • CHO
  • Suffix: -al
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9
Q

What is the formula of the functional group of carboxylic acid? What is its suffix?

A

-COOH
-oic acid

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10
Q

What are the formulas of the functional groups of a haloalkane? What is its prefixes?

A

formulas: eg.
-F
-Cl
-Br
-I

prefixes:
fluoro-
chloro-
bromo-
iodo-

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11
Q

What is the formula of the functional group of a ketone? What is its suffix?

A

formula: C-CO-C
suffix: -one

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12
Q

What is the functional group of an ester? What is its suffix?

A
  • an oxygen between two carbon
  • suffix: -ate
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13
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A series of organic compounds with the same functional group, each successive member differing by CH₂.

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14
Q

What is a Functional Group?

A

A group of atoms within an organic compound that give the compound its properties.

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15
Q

What is a Hydrocarbon?

A

An organic compound containing only carbon and hydrogen atoms.

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16
Q

What is an Alkane?

A

A saturated hydrocarbon.

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17
Q

What is an Alkene?

A

An unsaturated hydrocarbon (containing a double bond)

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18
Q

What is an Aliphatic Hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon where carbon atoms are joined together in straight or branched chains.

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19
Q

What is an alicyclic hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon with carbon atoms joined together in a non-aromatic ring structure.

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20
Q

What is an aromatic hydrocarbon?

A

A hydrocarbon containing a benzene ring.

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21
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons?

A

Saturated hydrocarbons only have single bonds between carbon atoms whereas unsaturated hydrocarbons contain double bonds.

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22
Q

What are Structural Isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formulas.

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23
Q

What are Stereoisomers?

A

Organic compounds with the same molecular formula and structural formula but having different arrangements of atoms in space.

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24
Q

What is Cis-Trans isomerism?
What is the difference between cis and trans compounds?

A

A type of stereoisomerism in which the two branches/atoms attached to both carbon atoms of the double bond are the same on both sides.

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25
What is E-Z-isomerism?
A type of stereoisomerism in which the two branches/atoms attached to both carbon atoms of the double bond are different. If none of the attached branches/atoms are the same, then the atom on each side with the *highest atomic number* will be the focuses.
26
What is the difference between cis and trans compounds?
Cis compounds have the same branches/atoms on the same side of the bond. Trans compounds have the same branches/atoms on different sides of the bond.
27
What is the difference between E and Z compounds?
Z-isomers occur when the branch/atom that is the same on both carbons are on ZEE SAME SIDE. E-isomers occur when the the branch/atom that is the same on both carbon atoms are on opposite sides.
28
What are reaction mechanisms?
Models that show the movement of electron pairs during a reaction.
29
What do each of these symbols represent in a Reaction Mechanism? 𐄁 ⤻ ⇀
𐄁 represents an unpaired electron. ⤻ represents the movement of one electron ⇀ represents the movement of two elections
30
What is Fission?
The breaking of bonds.
31
What is Homolytic Fission?
Fission in which each bonded atom receives an electron from the bond, forming two radicals.
32
What are radicals?
A highly reactive species with one or more unpaired electron.
33
What is Hetrolytic Fission?
Fission in which one bonded atom receives both electrons from the bond, forming an anion and a cation.
34
What happens to the b.p. of hydrocarbons as they get larger? Why?
The boiling point increases due to more induced dipole-dipole interactions, increasing the intermolecular forces.
35
Why do branched organic molecules have lower b.p. that straight chained organic molecules?
The more branched a molecule is, the fewer surface level interactions there are between molecules as they cannot fit together as neatly. Therefore branched molecules have fewer induced dipole-dipole attractions compared to straight chained isomers, leading to weaker intermolecular forces that are easier to break.
36
What is the name of the shape and bond angles of a hydrocarbon molecule?
Tetrahedral (4 bonding pairs), 109.5*
37
Are alkanes non-polar molecules?
Yes, most of the time as. hydrogen and carbon have similar electronegativities. However they can still form instantaneous dipoles.
38
Why do alkanes have a low reactivity?
Covalent bonds in an alkane require large amounts of energy to break. (edit this card after learning about enthalpies)
39
What is the general. equation for the complete combustion of an alkene?
Alkane + O₂ -> CO₂ + H₂O (remember to balance accordingly)
40
What is the difference between complete combustion and incomplete combustion?
Complete combustion is oxidising fuel in a sufficient supply of O₂, whereas incomplete combustion is oxidising fuel in a insufficient supply of O₂
41
What are some of the products formed by the Incomplete Combustion of an alkane?
Carbon Dioxide, Carbon Monoxide, Carbon and Water.
42
What type of reaction is the chlorination of methane?
Radical Substitution.
43
What is the process for turning an alkane into a haloalkane? (Radical Substitution)?
Step 1: Two halogen radicals formed (through homolytic fission). Step 2: Formation of a CH₃ radical and Hydrogen-Halogen bond. Step 3: The two radicals collide to form the haloalkane.
44
What are Alkenes?
A homologous series of unsaturated hydrocarbons.
45
What are alkanes?
A homologous series of saturated hydrocarbons.
46
What is the process of turning alkene into an alkane (Electrophilic Addition)?
H₂(g) and an alkene are mixed at a high temp. using a catalyst (eg. Nickel), saturating the alkene.
47
What is the process of turning an Alkene into a Dihaloalkane (Electrophilic Addition)?
An alkene is mixed with a diatomic halogen. Step 1: C=C bond induces a dipole in a diatomic halogen, attracting the δ+ end to the C=C. Step 2: The electrons from the C=C bond make a bond with the δ+ halogen, causing heterolytic fission of the halogen. Step 3: The carbon that isn't bonded with the halogen then forms a carbocation. Step 4: The second halogen (a lone pair on a halogen anion) then bonds with the carbocation.
48
What is the process of turning an Alkene into a haloalkane (Electrophilic Addition)?
An alkene is mixed with a hydrogen halide (H-Halogen bond). Step 1: The δ+ hydrogen is attracted to the high electron density of the C=C bond. Step 2: The C=C makes a bond with the hydrogen, causing heterolytic fission of the hydrogen halide, forming a halogen anion. Step 3: The carbon that isn't bonded with the Hydrogen then forms a carbocation. Step 4: The halogen anion then bonds with the carbocation.
49
What is the process of turning an Alkene into a Alcohol (Electrophilic Addition)?
A gaseous alkene is reacted with H₂O(g) and a Phosphoric Acid catalyst.
50
What is a repeating unit in an addition polymer?
A specific arrangement of atoms that repeats in the structure over and over again.
51
What is are monomers?
Small molecules used to make polymers.
52
What is a polymer?
Macromolecules (large molecules) made from small repeating units.
53
How is the name of a polymer structured?
poly('name of monomer') eg. poly(ethene)
54
What are the uses of poly(ethene)?
Making plastic bags/bottles.
55
Go back and make more cards on the polymer topic cause icba rn.
nah bro ths pmo like wtf
56
What is the difference between primary, secondary and tertiary molecules?
Primary: Functional group is attached to the end of a chain. Secondary: Functional group is attached to a carbon with two alkyl chains (CH₂) and one bonded hydrogen. Tertiary: Functional group is attached to a carbon atom with three alkyl chains attached.
57
How do you turn an alcohol into an aldehyde?
Distilling a mixture of a primary alcohol and acidified potassium dichromate (VI).
58
How do you turn an alcohol into a carboxylic acid?
Refluxing a mixture of a primary alcohol and acidified potassium dichromate (VI).
59
How do you turn an alcohol into a ketone?
Refluxing a mixture of a secondary alcohol and acidified potassium dichromate (VI).
60
What is the equation for complete combustion of an alcohol?
Alcohol(l) + O₂(g) -> CO₂(g) + H₂O(l)
61
How do you turn an alcohol into an alkene (elimination/dehydration reaction)?
Alcohols are heated with a concentrated acid (eg. H₂SO₄). H⁺ ions from the acid bond with the lone pair on the :OH, forming an H₂O molecule. Heterolytic fission then separates the Carbon from the H₂O, forming a π bond between the two adjacent carbons.
62
ESTERFICATION
Make a card
63
How do you turn an alcohol into a haloalkane (substitution)?
An alcohol is reacted with a Sodium Halide in sulphuric acid to form a hydrogen halide. This hydrogen halide then reacts with the alcohol to form a haloalkane.
64
What is an Elimination Reaction?
An organic reaction in which one reactant forms two products.
65
What is an Electrophile?
An atom or molecule that accepts/bonds to an electron pair.
66
What is a Nucleophile?
An electron-pair donor.
67
What is an Addition Reaction?
A reaction in which two or more molecules are reacted to make one product.
68
What is a Substitution Reaction?
A reaction in which a functional group on a molecule is substituted by another functional group.
69
What is a Radical?
A highly reactive species with one, or more, unpaired electron.
70
How do you turn a Haloalkane into an Alcohol? (Nucleophilic Substitution)
A haloalkane is added to an aqueous hydroxide anion. The negatively charged hydroxide is then attracted to the δ+ carbon, substituting the halogen and forming a halogen anion.
71
TESTS FOR HALOALKANES, ALC, ALDE, ALKENE AND CARBOX.
mAKE A CARD
72
What is Infrared Spectroscopy?
An analytical technique that measures how a substance absorbs infrared radiation and produces a spectrum that can be used to to identify certain functional groups.
73
What is Mass Spectroscopy?
An analytical technique that helps identify the amount and type of chemicals present in a sample by measuring the mass/charge ratio and abundance of gas-phase ions.
74
In mass spectrometry what is the possible identity of the fragment ion with an m/z peak of 15?
CH₃⁺
75
In mass spectrometry what is the possible identity of the fragment ion with an m/z peak of 17?
OH⁺ (alcohols)
76
In mass spectrometry what is the possible identity of the fragment ion with an m/z peak of 29?
C₂H₅ ⁺
77
In mass spectrometry what is the possible identity of the fragment ion with an m/z peak of 43?
C₃H₇ ⁺
78
In mass spectrometry what is the possible identity of the fragment ion with an m/z peak of 57?
C₄H₉⁺
79
In Mass Spectroscopy what is the molecular ion peak (M ⁺)?
The positive ion formed when a molecule loses an electron and it represents the Mr of the substance.
80
add m/z peaks of small molecules
find on photos
81

Chemistry: A-level (4 decks)

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