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CNM Biomedicine > Module 4 Digestive System 1 > Flashcards

Module 4 Digestive System 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Digestive System Components (6)

A 
Mouth
Pharynx
Oesophagus
Stomach
Small Intestine
Large Intestine (inc Rectum & Anal canal)
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2
Q

Digestive Processes (6)

A 
Ingestion
Secretion
Mixing & Propulsion
Digestion
Absorption
Elimination
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3
Q

GIT Layers

A

Mucosa
Submucosa
Muscularis
Serosa (Peritoneum)

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4
Q

Mucosa Layer 1 - Epithelium Information

A

Mouth, pharynx, oesophogus, anus = Epithelium for Protection
Stomach & Intestines = Columnar Epithelium
1- Microvilli - Surface Area/Absorption
2- Goblet Cells - Secretion of Mucus
3- Enteroendocrine Cells- Secret hormones

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5
Q

Mucosa Layer 2 - Lamina Propria Information

A

Connective Tissue - BV & Lymphatic Tissue = Absorption of nutrients
MALT - prevalent in tonsils, oesophagus, small/large intestine
GALT(Gut)- Contains 70% bodys immune Cells
First Line defence

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6
Q

Mucosa Layer 3 - Muscularis Mucosa Information

A

Thin Smooth Muscle

Villi - surface area = absorption & digestion

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7
Q

Mucosa Layers (3) Recap

A

Epithelium - Protection
Lamina Propria - GALT
Muscularis Mucosa - Villi

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8
Q

Submucosa Information

A

Connective tissue
Blood & Lymph
Submucosal Plexus (secretions)

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9
Q

Muscularis Externa Information

A

Mouth, pharynx, Upper oesophagus, anal sphincter = skeletal muscle (voluntary)

Rest GIT = smooth muscle (involuntary)

  • 2 layers - Inner Circular & Outer longitudal
  • Myenteric Plexus (between layers) - for Motility
  • Aids - Mixing (digestive juices) & Propulsion (peristalsis)
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10
Q

Peritoneum

A

Barrier to the spread of infection

  • Parietal - external layer
  • Visceral - Internal Layer
  • Serous Fluid - between layers
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11
Q

Peritoneum Pathologies

A
  1. Ascites ( accumulation fluid in peritoneal cavity)

2. Peritonitis (acute inflammation peritoneum)

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12
Q

Greater Omentum

A

Apron - Largest Fold of Peritoneum (4 layers)

  1. Stores fat
  2. Lymph nodes - macrophages & plasma cells (antibodies - GIT)
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13
Q

Lesser Omentum

A

Suspends stomach & duodenum from Liver
Pathway BV entering liver
Contains - hepatic portal vein, hepatic artery, bile duct, lymph nodes

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14
Q

Enteric Nervous System - Details

A

Brain of Gut - Oesophagus to anus
100 million neurons
Regulated by autonomic NS

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15
Q

ENS

A

Parasympathetic - Rest & Digest
Increases muscular activity (myenteric plexus) & secretion submucosal plexus)

Sympathetic - Fight or Flight
Decreases muscular activity (myenteric plexus) & secretion submucosal plexus)

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16
Q

ENS - Myenteric Plexus

A

M = Motility (between fibres of Muscularis Externa)

Controls strength & frequency of muscle contraction

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17
Q

ENS - Submucosal Plexus

A

S = Secretions (Submucosa)

Controls digestive secretions

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18
Q

ENS - Neurons

A

1- Motor (myenteric plexus- control peristalsis. Submucosal plexus - control secretions)
2-Sensory (receive mucosal info - chemo/stretch receptors)
3- Inter (connect 2 plexus)

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19
Q

GIT - Blood Supply

A

GIT supplied by Arterial Blood via Abdominal Aorta

Nutrient rich venus blood returned via liver (Portal System/Iliac Veins) > Liver filters blood > returned to systemic circulation

*Portal Vein Drains GIT components (except rectum/anal canal = ilium vein) > Liver
*

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20
Q

Oral Cavity

A 
Lined with mucous membranes
Hard palate
Soft Palate
Uvula
Tongue (Papillae)
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21
Q

Oral Cavity Functions (4)

A

Mastication
Speech
Taste
Swallowing

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22
Q

Teeth - Information

A 
32 (Adult)
Crown,Neck,Root
Dentin - Internal bulk of tooth
Covered by enamel
Sit in gingiva (gum)
Function = Mastication
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23
Q

Saliva - Information

A

Produced by 3 glands (Parotid, Submandibular, Sublingual)
Parasympathetic NS > continuous lubrication
Reabsorbed
Sympathetic NS (stress) = dryness/dehydration/thirst
PH 6.35 -6.85 - mildly acidic

24
Q

Saliva - Composition (6)

A 
Water (95%)
Mineral salts
Enzymes
Mucus
IgA
Blood Clotting factors
25
Saliva Functions (7)
``` Digestion Taste Cleansing (oral cavity/teeth) Defence (IgA/Lysozomes) Lubrication Buffer (acidic foodO Waste removal (Urea/Uric) ```
26
Oesophagus - Information
``` 25cm muscular tube Lined with Epithelium Superior/middle = skeletal muscle Lower = smooth muscle Food travels via peristalsis Epiglottis - stops food entering trachea Lower Oesophageal sphincter - prevents stomach reflux ```
27
Oesophagus - Location
Attached to Larynx Posterior to trachea Passes through diaphragm
28
Stomach - Regions (4)
Cardia Fundus Body Pyloric
29
Stomach - Overview & Function
J shaped Lesser & greater curvatures Same layers as GIT EXCEPT 3 layers of muscle 2 sphincters - cardiac (top) Pyloric (bottom) ``` Simple Epithelial cells - replace lining approx 3 days Highly acidic (ph2-3) ``` Function - Churn & Mix food Hormones - Ghrelin (Hunger) Gastrin (Secretion)
30
Stomach - Cells (3)
Parietal - IF (B12) HCI (Activate Pepsin & assist activate bile/pancreatic juices. Iron conversion. Microbial) Chief - Pepsinogen (protein digestion)Gastric lipase (lipid digestion) Goblet - (Mucus - protects from acidity)
31
Pancreas (Accessory) - Exocrine Functions
``` Exocrine : Pancreatic juice Sodium Bicarbonate/water Protease enzymes - 4 (Trypsin/Chymotrypsin > Protein, Ribonuclease >RNA, Deoxyribonuclease > DNA) Pancreatic Lipase (Fat) Pancreatic Amylase (Starch >Sugar ) ```
32
Pancreas (Accessory) - Endocrine Functions
Endocrine: Hormones>Blood Insulin & Glucose Somatostatin (Growth/inhibiting hormone) Location = Connected to duodenum via pancreatic duct
33
Gallbladder (Accessory) - Information
Ejects bile > emulsifies fats | Emulsification breaks down lipids (Increases surface area for enzymes to work)
34
Bile (Gallbladder)
Produced by hepatocytes > GB > storage Bile = salts/cholesterol/bilirubin 90-95% bile transported back to liver from Ileum Produced by hepatocytes (liver) Contacts and ejects bile on stimulation Gallbladder > Bile> Cystic duct >Common bile duct Pancreas > Pancreatic enzymes>Pancreatic duct joins common bile duct > forms Ampullar of vater' > Duodenum
35
Small Intestine - Regions (3) & Functions
Duodenum - Emulsification & Digestion (30cm) Jejunum - absorption (2.5m) Ileum - B12 absorption (3.5m) ``` Peristalsis Digestion Absorption Hunger/saiety Immunity - Peyers patches ```
36
Small Intestine - Information
Chyme enters via Phyloric sphincter Most digestion & absorption occurs Villi maximise SA Variety of cells (Goblet, endocrine, absorptive) Absorption ------90% Absorption occurs in SI
37
Large Intestine - Regions (4)
Caecum Colon (A,T,D) Rectum Anus (2 Sphincters)
38
Deification
Motion of passing a stool | Peristalsis > fecal matter > rectum>Stretch receptors>Vol relax external sphincter
39
Large Intestine - Microbes (functions)
Final stages nutrient extraction - fermentation Support Immunity Ferment residual AA (Fecal odor) Ferment Fibre >SCFA> support tight cell junctions Produce B12,K2 FA Keep pathogenic bacteria/fungus at bay Biriruben - make into smaller molecules for excretion (fecal colour) ABSORBTION Water, vitamins, minerals, some drugs Some toxins reabsorbed > liver>excreted urine Mostly symbiotic
40
Pancreatic Enzymes
Secreted into Duodenum ( Protese inactive form) ``` Pancreatic Amylase - Starches >Sugars Pancreatic Lipase - Lipid/Fat Dig Trypsin - Protein Dig Chymotrypsin - Protein Dig Riboneouclease - Dig RNA Oxyroboneuclease - Dig DNA ```
41
CCK (Peptide Hormone)
Stimulates pancreatic juices & enzymes ( Dig carb, Protein, fat) Stimulates bile production (hepatic) & secretion by contraction of GB mediates Satiety
42
Villi & Microvilli - function
Increase surface area of small intestine for absorption Villi folds created by Muscularis Mucosa = increase SA Microvilli contain brush border enzymes
43
Brush Border Enzymes
Attach to intestinal lining (not free) Maltase, Sucrase, Lactase > break down sugars to glucose, fructose, galactose etc. Dipetidase - break down proteins to AA Nucleosides & Phosphatases - Digest RNA & DNA
44
Liver - functions (H Cleanse De 2HO ss Met)
``` Heat - regulation Cleanse blood of microbes Detoxification - Toxins, Alcohol, drugs Hormone deactivation Hemolysis Synthesis - Activate D3, Vit A, AA Storage - Vitamins, Iron, Copper, magnesium Metabolism - Fats, glycogen, AA ```
45
Liver Detoxification - Classifications
High ATP Hydrophillic > H20 Soluble > Excreted Lipophillic > Chemically altered > H20 soluble > excreted
46
Liver Detoxification - 2 Phases
Phase 1 - Bioactivation CYP450 enzymes >convert H20 soluble toxins >H20 substance > excretion kidney > convert toxins > more reactive substance > dealt with phase 2 Phase 2 - Conjigation Molecules attach > neutralise/stabilise > H20 soluble substance > excreted
47
Neurons (3 Types)
1- Motor - outgoing action/signal. Myenteric> control peristalsis & Submucosal > control secretions. 2- Sensory - info from mucal environment - Chemo receptors & stretch receptors 3- Inter - connect the 2 plexus's
48
Plexus Networks
Myenteric > controls strength and frequency of muscle contraction - MOTILITY Submucusal > controls digestive secretions & detects sensort info both contain para & sympathetic nerve fibres
49
Abdominal Quadrants (9 quadrants - 3 regions)
R/L Hypochrondrium , epigastric region R/L flank, umbilical region R/L groin, pubic region
50
Dietary Carbs (3)
Mono - sac > 1 sugar unit > Glucose, fructose,Galactose Di - sac > 2 sugar units > Maltose - Dig Glucose x2 > Sucrose - Dig Glucose & Fructose > Maltose - Dig Glucose & Lactose Poly - sac > many sugar units > Starch - Dig Glucose (pots, wheat, rice etc) > Glycogen - Dig Glucose > Cellulose - Indigestable
51
Dietary Lipids (3)
Triglycerides - predominant Composed > Glycerol and 3 FA chains FA are un/saturated saturated - no double bonds - rigid unstaurated - one or more double bonds between Carbon atoms Phospholipids 2 FA tails and phosphate head Dig - free FA & absorbed Cholesterol steriod in animal food vital for cell membrane, vit d synthesis & sex hormone synthesis
52
Cis/Trans FA
Presence of a double bond CIS > H on SAME side of bond TRANS > H OPP side of bond
53
Proteins - Information
Long molecules AA each protein has unique 3D structure (lock and key model) need to be denatured before proteses enzymes can cleave apart Body temp regulation > keep 3D shape AA absorbed in SI
54
Proteins - Functions
``` Immunity (Iga & antibodies) Structures (muscle, collagen) Enzymes Hormones Neurotransmitters Energy ``` Denatured by Body temp/Ph changes
55
Enzymes
Biological catalysts Not consumed in reaction - van preform reaction many times Specific reactions - lock and key names based on reactive ability - ie ase > lactase = lactose enzyme Protein digestion = ie in > Pepsin
56
Liver Metabolism
Carbs - Excess glucose> converted glycogen> stored for use Fat - Metabolise from storage as needed. Synthesis of cholesterol & Tricycerides Protein Convert essentail AA > Non ES AA remove nitrogen from AA > Urea>excretion break doen nucleotides > Uric acid > excretion

CNM Biomedicine (2 decks)

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