Module 4: DNA

Question 1

Conserves number of chromosomes sets, producing cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell

Answer 1

Mitosis

Question 2

Reduces number of chromosomes sets from 2n to n producing cells that differ from each other and from the parent cell

Answer 2

Meiosis

Question 3

The exchange of genetic information between the pair of homologous chromosomes allows genetic variation among the population.

Answer 3

Creates Genetic Diversity

Question 4

Recombination through meiosis can replace
that abnormality in the next generation,
allowing the formation of a healthy individual.

Answer 4

Repairs Genetic Defects

Question 5

When the chromosomal reduction process is not maintained it causes what?

Answer 5

Genetic Abnormality

Question 6

Further coil and condense or gather to form fibrous material which is called Chromatin

Answer 6

Nucleosomes

Question 7

Are thread-like structures in which DNA is tightly packaged within the nucleus

Answer 7

Chromosomes

Question 8

DNA Molecules first wrapped around the histone proteins forming beads on string structure called what?

Answer 8

Nucleosomes

Question 9

The number of A and T bases are equal and the number of G and C bases are equal, what rule is this?

Answer 9

Chargaff’s rule

Question 10

A polymer of nucleotides, each consisting of a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and phosphate group.

Answer 10

Deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA

Question 11

In 1953, two people introduced a double-helical model structure base on Rosalind Franklin’s X-ray crystallography the DNA molecule.

Answer 11

James Watson and Francis Crick

Question 12

A is paired to T. What do you call A and T?

Answer 12

Adenine & Thymine

Question 13

G is paired to C. What do you call G and C?

Answer 13

Guanine & Cytosine

Question 14

The parent molecules unwind and make what?

Answer 14

Two new daughter strands.

Question 15

Watson’s and Crick’s semiconservative model of replication predicts when a double helix replicates, each daughter cell will _____ and one ______

Answer 15

one old strand (conserved); newly made strand

Question 16

Three types of DNA replication

Answer 16

Initiation, Elongation, Termination

Question 17

What do you call when two DNA strands are separated opening up a replication “bubble”

Answer 17

Origins of replication

Question 18

A eukaryotic chromosome may have ____ of origins of replication.

Answer 18

Hundreds or even thousands

Question 19

Replication proceeds in _____ from each origin until the either molecule is copied.

Answer 19

Both directions

Question 20

It is a Y-shape region at the end of each replication bubble where new DNA strands are elongating.

Answer 20

Replication Fork

Question 21

Enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks.

Answer 21

Helicases

Question 22

To bind to and stabilize single stranded DNA (Keep the strand separated)

Answer 22

Single-strand binding proteins

Question 23

Corrects “Overwinding” or “Supercoiling” ahead of replication forks by breaking, swiveling and rejoining DNA strands = UNTANGLES

Answer 23

Topoisomerase

Question 24

Enzyme that adds RNA bases in the strand which creates the RNA primer.

Answer 24

Primase

Question 25

Initiates synthesis of DNA polynucleotide

Answer 25

RNA Primer

Question 26

Binds to RNA primer and adds DNA bases (free nucleotides)

Answer 26

DNA Polymerase 3

Question 27

The antiparallel structure of the double helix affects what replication?

Answer 27

Antiparallel Elongation

Question 28

A new DNA strand cna elongate to only in the ____ to ___ direction

Answer 28

5' to 3'

Question 29

Synthesized continuously in the 5' to 3' direction towards the replication fork.

Answer 29

Leading Strand

Question 30

Synthesized discontinuously in short segments because DNA polymerase can only add nucleotides in the 5' to 3' direction, but this strand runs in the 3' to 5' direction relative to the replication

Answer 30

Lagging strand

Question 31

Removes RNA primer which initiated the replication and replaces them with DNA Nucleotides

Answer 31

DNA Polymerase 1

Question 32

Joins Okazaki Fragments

Answer 32

DNA Ligase

Question 33

Removal of Helicase

Answer 33

Ubiquitin Ligase Complex

Question 34

Replication continues until the ___________

Answer 34

The entire DNA molecule has been duplicated

Question 35

In _____,Termination occurs when the replication forks meet.

Question 36

In ______, multiple replication forks eventually merge.

Question 37

The process where parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells.

Answer 37

Cell Division

Question 38

Two main types of cell division.

Answer 38

Mitosis and Meiosis

Question 39

By ________, cells ensure that genetic information is accurately transmitted, maintaining the organism's integrity and function.

Answer 39

Replicating DNA before cell division

Question 40

_______, depend on cell division for development from a fertilized cell, growth, repair.

Answer 40

Multicellular eukaryotes

Question 41

In _______, division of one cell reproduces the entire organism.

Answer 41

Unicellular organisms

Question 42

Is the transmission of traits from one generation to the next

Answer 42

Heredity

Question 43

Is demonstrated by the differences in appearance that offspring show from parents and siblings

Answer 43

Variation

Question 44

Is the scientific study of heredity and variation

Answer 44

Genetics

Question 45

An ordered display of the pairs of chromosomes from a cell

Answer 45

Karyotype

Question 46

Human somatic cells have _____ of chromosomes

Answer 46

23 pairs

Question 47

the two chromosomes in each pair

Answer 47

Homologous chromosomes or homologs

Question 48

homologous pair of X chromosomes (XX)

Answer 48

Human females

Question 49

one X and one Y

Answer 49

Human males

Question 50

The remaining 22 pairs of chromosomes.

Answer 50

Autosomes

Question 51

Determine the sex of the individual

Answer 51

Sex chromosomes

Question 52

A ______ (2n) has two sets of chromosomes. For humans, 46 (2n = 46)

Answer 52

Diploid cell

Question 53

A _______ contains a single set of chromosomes and is haploid (n). For humans, 23 (n = 23)

Answer 53

gamete (sperm or egg)

Question 54

Two copies of each chromosome

Answer 54

Diploid

Question 55

One copy of each chromosome

Answer 55

Haploid

Question 56

the union of gametes (the sperm and the egg)

Answer 56

Fertilization

Question 57

- The fertilized egg * has one set of chromosomes from each parent * produces somatic cells by mitosis and develops into an adult

Answer 57

Zygote

Question 58

is a cell division process where a single (parent) cell divides twice to produce four independent (daughter) cells, each having half the chromosomes as the original cell.

Answer 58

Meiosis

Question 59

Meiosis takes place only in the ______.

Answer 59

reproductive cell types

Question 60

For a cell to undergo meiosis, it must have a ______ chromosome number.

Answer 60

diploid (2n) chromosome

Question 61

- Preparatory phase of cell division * Each chromosome duplicates to become two identical sister chromatids. * The centrioles get duplicated as well.

Answer 61

Interphase of Meiosis

Question 62

- Spindle fiber attached to centromere - Homologous pairs of chromosomes align along the center of the cell

Answer 62

Metaphase I of Meiosis

Question 63

The tetrads are separated and chromosomes with two sister chromatids (homologous) migrates to the opposite poles.

Answer 63

Anaphase I of Meiosis

Question 64

*The chromosomes stop migrating with each pole. *The nuclear envelope reappears, and the spindle fibers disappear. *Contains a haploid number of chromosomes.

Answer 64

Telophase I of Meiosis

Question 65

*The chromosomes uncoil and become less dense. * Nucleolus reappears within the nucleus. *Two different daughter cells are formed, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell.

Answer 65

Cytokinesis I of Meiosis