Module 4: Embryology Of The Female Reproductive System

Question 1

The genital and urinary system develop at what rate?

Answer 1

The same time

Question 2

Both the genital and urinary system arise from what?

Answer 2

The Mesoderm that initially takes the form of the wolffian body

Question 3

The sex of the embryo is determined when?

Answer 3

At the fertilization by the sperm

Question 4

The genital tracts of both males and females are the same until when?

Answer 4

Up until 7 weeks

Question 5

The germ cells that sex the embryo originate where?

Answer 5

Yolk sac

Question 6

The germ cells differentiate from what? And migrate where?

Answer 6

From other germ cells and migrate to the gonadal ridge

Question 7

What is another name for the mesonephros?

Answer 7

Wolffian ducts

Question 8

In males, hormones cause the differentiation and growth of what? This inhibits what?

Answer 8

Wolffian ducts and inhibit the Müllerian ducts

Question 9

In males, primitive sex cords proliferate and what else?

Answer 9

Give rise to testes

Question 10

What is another name for Müllerian ducts?

Answer 10

Paramesonephric ducts

Question 11

What are the Müllerian ducts paired with?

Answer 11

Wolffian ducts

Question 12

In females, with no Male hormones the Wolffian ducts do what?

Answer 12

Regress and the Müllerian ducts are stimulated by maternal hormones (Estrogen)

Question 13

When the Wolffian ducts regress what forms? 3

Answer 13

1. Fallopian tubes
2. Uterus
3. Proximal vagina

Question 14

In females, the sex cords break up and are replaced by what?

Answer 14

Vascular storms, which forms ovarian medulla

Question 15

In females, a second group of cords which are named what? Do what?

Answer 15

Cortical cords, they develop, forming the ovarian cortex

Question 16

The vagina has how many origins?

Answer 16

Dual origins

Question 17

What are the dual origins of the vagina?

Answer 17

1. The upper portion of the Müllerian ducts
2. The lower portion from the urogenital sinus

Question 18

If the fusion of the dual origins of the vagina is not complete or incomplete what happens?

Answer 18

An impeforate hymen will result

Question 19

The cranial or the upper proximal portion of the Müllerian ducts form what?

Answer 19

Fallopian tubes

Question 20

The caudal ends of the Müllerian ducts form what?

Answer 20

The uterus and upper vagina

Question 21

What are the three classifications of abnormal Müllerian duct development?

Answer 21

1. Arrested development
2. Failure of fusion
3. Incomplete resorption

Question 22

If one or both Müllerian ducts do not develop what happens? 2

Answer 22

1. Uterine aphasia
2. Unicornuate uterus

Question 23

What is Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser?

Answer 23

Complete agenesis of uterus and vagina

Question 24

What is another way to reference Mayer-Rokitansky-Kuster-Hauser?

Answer 24

MRKH syndrome

Question 25

What happens in arrested development

Answer 25

If one or both Müllerian ducts do not develop

Question 26

What happens when there is a failure to fuse?

Answer 26

The Müllerian ducts develop but fail to fuse together

Question 27

What are some results of failure to fusion? 4

Answer 27

1. Uterus didelphys 2. Uterus Bicornis Bicollis 3. Uterus Bicornis unicorns 4. Uterus Arcturus

Question 28

Which failure to fusion is most commonly viewed on ultrasound?

Answer 28

Uterus Bicornis unicollis

Question 29

What is a Bicornuate uterus?

Answer 29

Serous all indent (outside of uterus) is greater than 10 mm at Fundus

Question 30

What happens during incomplete resorption?

Answer 30

The Müllerian ducts fuse but the septum is not reabsorbed

Question 31

What are two examples of incomplete resorption?

Answer 31

1. Uterus septus (full) 2. Uterus Subseptus (partial)

Question 32

Which incomplete resorption is the most common occurring of all mullerian anomalies?

Answer 32

Uterus subseptus (partial)

Question 33

Which incomplete resorption example has the poorest reproductive outcome?

Answer 33

Uterus subseptus (partial)

Question 34

Why is Uterus subseptus (partial) the poorest abnormal Müllerian development?

Answer 34

The Septus does not have a good vascular supply to support pregnancy

Question 35

The Serosal (outside) surface of the septa the uterus has what kind of contour?

Answer 35

Normal

Question 36

For a septate uterus the indentation of what appears where?

Answer 36

Indentation of greater than 1cm of the endometrium from the fundus

Question 37

IN a septate uterus the septum runs the length of what?

Answer 37

The entire endometrial canal

Question 38

In a subseptate uterus the septum is where?

Answer 38

Only partial down the canal

Question 39

What is diethylstilbestrol exposure?

Answer 39

DES was a drug prescribed to stop spontaneous abortion (miscarriage)

Question 40

What does DES do?

Answer 40

Interferes with the development of the mesenchyme of the genital tract in uterine

Question 41

What is DES associated with?

Answer 41

Reproductive complications- depending on the amount of DES ingested, and the gestation age of the fetus at the time of exposure

Question 42

When was DES discontinued?

Answer 42

1971 after it was proved to cause clear cell carcinoma of vagina

Question 43

Those exposed to DES has a higher risk of what?

Answer 43

Breast cancer (2x as likely)

Question 44

What do DES exposed women have?

Answer 44

Uterine anomalies

Question 45

How common is a T shaped uterus?

Answer 45

31%

Question 46

The T shaped uterus has a uterine cavity that has what volume? This results in what?

Answer 46

Uterine cavity has less volume and increased risk of spontaneous abortions, ectopic pregnancies and preterm deliveries

Question 47

How is a T-shaped uterus best diagnosed?

Answer 47

With hysterosalpingograms?

Question 48

Failures to fuse will always have a what?

Answer 48

A divit at the tops above the fundus