Module 4: Food Animal Parasites Flashcards
(61 cards)
1
Q
Lice Info
A
- All life stages completed on the host
- Host-Specific
- Short period of survival of host
- Worst infestations in winter
2
Q
Types of Lice
A
- Suckling (feed on blood)
- Chewing/Bite (feed of skin and debris)
3
Q
Lice life cycle
A
- Female- Lay eggs; glued to hair
- Egg hatch- nymph (1-2wks)
- Nymph feeds- Molt (3-5x)- Adult
- Sexually mature adults, eggs produced
- Time 4-6 wks
4
Q
Clinical Sings of Lice
A
- Pruritis
- Hair loss
- Anemia
- Ill-thrift
5
Q
Suckling Lice Location
A
- Poll
- Nose
- Eyes
- Neck/brisket
- Withers
- Tail
- Axillary/inguinal
6
Q
Chewing/Biting Lice Location
A
- Neck
- Withers
- Tailhead
7
Q
Lice Treatment
A
- Mostly topycal insecticide
- Suckling lice may need injectable (avermectin)
- Re-treat in two weeks
Pig Lice can be mistaken with ticks due to the extreme engorment
8
Q
Ticks Info
A
- Arachnids
- Obligate blood feeders
- Ixodidae family
- Argasidae family
9
Q
Ticks are vectors for…?
Name two
A
- Babesia
- Anaplasma
Blood loss on secere infestation
10
Q
Mites Info
A
- Most important in food animals
- Complete life cycle on host
- Feed on skin/secretions
- Servere dermatitis (Mange)
- Can cause secundary pioderma
11
Q
Clinical Signs for Mites
A
- None
- Hair loss
- Thickened Skin
- Numerous pustules
12
Q
Diagnosis for Mites
A
- Skin Scraping (Deep/Superficial)
13
Q
Chorioptes
Mites
A
- Common in Camelids
- Distribution: Scrotum, Lower limbs and Abdomen
- CS: Alopecia, Erythema, Excoriation, Crust, Pruritis
- Important: Has an oval body with short first pair of legs
- Treatment: Lime sulfur (strong smell) and Avermectins
14
Q
Sarcoptes
Mites
A
- 10-17 days (Females burrow under skin)
- Can survive of host
- Distribution: Skin around eyes and ears
- CS: Intense pruritis, Chronic hyperpigmentation/liquenification and weight loss/ill-thrift
- Important: Round head and body with long non-jointed stalks for first pair of legs
- Treatment: Lime sulfur and Avermectins
This is a zoonoic disease.
15
Q
Psoroptes
Mites
A
- Common in sheeps
- 2 weeks, highly contagius and reportable disease
- Can survive of host 3 weeks
- Distribution: Trunk, heavily wooled areas (sheep) and ears (goats)
- CS: Intense pruritis, alopecia, self-trauma, papules/crusting/mattting of wool, head shaking
- Important: Oval body with elongated head
- Treatment: Lime sulfur and Ivermectin
16
Q
Demodex
Mites
A
- Cant life of host very long
- May be part of normal fauna of skin
- Distribution in Cattle: Neck, front limbs, eyelids, vulva and scrotum
- Distribution in Sheep/Goats: Meibomian and sebaceous glans and hair follicles
- Important: Cigar shaped mutha fkers!
- CS: Severe folliculitis with secundary pyoderma
- Treatment: Weekly dips, malathion, trichlorfon, or amitraz. Additionally avermectin.
17
Q
Raillietia auris
Mites
A
- Ear mites
- Not usually pathogenic, unless it is a secundary infection
- CS: Head shaking, unilateral facial nerve paralysis, vestibular ataxia
- Treatment: Topical flumethrin
- Important: They have long legs originating from anterior body
18
Q
Flies are classified as…?
A
- Non-myiasis
- Myasis
19
Q
Haematobia irritans
Horn Fly
Non-myiasis
A
- Blood sucking fly
- Distribution: Back/shoulders and underbelly
- Threshhold: >200 flies/cow
- Vector for bacterial miningitis
- Intermediate host for Nematodes
20
Q
Stomoxys calcitrans
Stable Fly
Non-myiasis
A
- Blood sucking fly
- Distribution: Ventrum and legs
- Threshhold: >5/cow
21
Q
Musca autumnalis
Face fly
Non-myiasis
A
- Eats secretions from eyes and nose
- Threshold: >15/face
- Vector for Pink eye
- Intermediate host for Theliazia eyeworm
22
Q
Myiasis Flies
A
- Flies lay their eggs in hair of distal limbs
- Larvae penetrates the skin
- Larvae migrate dorsally through the body
- Appear under skin dorsum (remains for 1-2 months)
- Larvae emerge through breathing pores and pulpates on ground
23
Q
Myiasis Flies are treated with….?
A
- Macrocyclic lactones
- Ivermectin
24
Q
Hypoderma lineatum
Myiasis Flies
A
- Common in Bovine
- Accumulate around esophagus
- CS: Dysphagia and respiratory distress
“Esophagus is linear and H. lineatum affects it!”
25
Hypoderma bovis
| Myiasis Flies
* Common in Bovine
* Commonly seen in Ohio
* Accumulate around spinal canal
* CS: Ataxia and recumbency
26
Cochliomyia hominivorax
| Myiasis Flies
* New World Screworm
* Iridescent green/blue body
* Larvae eats live tissue
* Erradicated from US using male sterile flies to mingle with the infected females
* Reportable disease in USA
27
Oestrus Ovis
| Sheep Nasal Bot
* Females leg eggs on nostrils
* Can overwinter in nostrils
* Third stage larvae in frontal sinus
* Sheep sneeze to release larvae
* Pupate on ground
* Treament: Ivermectin
28
Black flies
| Simulidae family
* Common in Cattle
* Can cause significant bood loss
* Simuliotoxicosis: bioactive saliary factors that can cause an anaphylaxis reaction on host
* Vector for vestibular stomatitis virus
* Vector for filarial Nematodes
* May cause odd behavior in animals due too lo mucho que joden
* Treatment: Streams with Bacillus thruriengiensis
29
Melophagus ovinus
| Keds
* Brown wingless flies
* Blood suckling flies
* Entire life cycle on host
* Survives <1 weeks of host
* Peak on winter/early spring
* Treatment: Shearing (afeitar sheep), Dip/spray/powder to kill larvae
* Prevention: Treat before shearing and shearing before lambing
30
Culicoides
| Biting midges
* Tiny smooth flies
* Adults are crepuscuar and nocturnal
* Breed in semi/aquatic habitats
* Females are hematophagus (sucks blood like all female species)
* Very painful bite
* Vector for Bluetongue, Epizootic hemorrahage disease and vestibular stomatitis virus
* Prevention: environmental management, insecticides, barn animals at dusk
31
Protozoa Info
Find for yourself!
32
Which Protozoas are of importance in the industry? (Cattle and Cammelids)
* Eimeria
* Giardia
* Cryptosporidium
* Anaplasma
33
Coccidia
* Eimeria spp. in LA
* Cystisospora spp. in SA
* Host-specific
* Obligate intracellular
* Acute and chronic damage to host
34
Eimeria spp. life cycle
1. Sporulated oocyst (infectious)
2. Sporozoites enterocytes
3. Sexual reproduction: Merozoites and Gamonts fertilize eah other
4. Oocyst passed in feces
35
Epidemiology of Eimeria spp.
* 3 weeks of age or older
* Partial, non-sterile immunity
* High prevalence in livestock (USA)
* High stocking density of animals
* Poor hygiene
36
Clinical signs of Eimeria spp.
* Older animals: None or Diarrhea
* Young: Diarrhea +/- blood, tenesmus, hypoglicemia, wheight loss +/- appetite loss
37
Diagnosis of Eimeria
* Fecal float ("fried egg appearance")
* Necropsy
38
Special shautout: Eimeria Macusaniensis
* Thick walled
* Found in adults and crias
* Severe and pathogenic
* Eimeria of Cammelids (E. Mac)
* Looks like a avocado cut in half
| Piensa Mcdonals (M) double hump=Camellos (E.Mac)
39
Treatment for Eimeria spp.
* Coccidiocide
* Supportive therapies
40
Prevention of Eimeria spp.
* Low-dose infection
* hygiene practices
* Separate age groups
* Coccidiostats: Amprolium, decoquinate, sulfonamides ( check FARAD)
* Must be used in a prolonged manner
41
Cryptosporidium life cycle
* Direct life cycle
1. Sporulated oocyst (infectious)
2. Sporozoites (gastric or intestinal epithelium)
3. Merozoites- rupture enterocytes, infect another (Sexual)
4. Gammonts fertilize each other (Sexual)
5. Oocysts sporulate in situ
| This pathogen can cause autoinfection with no need of enviromental stage
42
Epidemiology of Crypto
* Neonatal animals
* 100% morbidity
* Source: asymtomatic adults
* Host adapted C. bovis and C. ryanae
* World wide distribution
* Zoonotic: C. parvum, and C. ubiquitum
43
Clinical signs of Crypto
* Anorexia
* Teeth grinding
* Depression
* Weakness
* Dehydration
* Co-infections are common!
44
Diagnosis of Cryto
* Fecal Flotation (hard to find)
* Flotation with acid-fast stain
* PCR and DNA sequencing
* Snap-test ELISA
45
Treatment of Crypto
* No treatments approved for farm animals in the US
* Supportive care
* Disinfection
* Prevention (low stock density, separate age groups and isolate neonates with diarrhea)
46
Giardia life cycle
* Direct life cycle
1. Cyst (infectious stage)- **Immediately infectious**
2. Low pH causes excystation of trophozoites
3. Trophozoites multiply in lumen of small intestine
4. High pH causes trophozoites to encyst (colon)
5. Cysts and trophozoites passed in feces
47
Eidemiology of Giardia
* Higher prvalence in young animals
* Highest occurrence- 2 moa
* Assemblage E common in livestock
* Assemblage A, B common in humans
48
Giardia CS, Dx, and Treatment
* CS: Asymptomatic, diarrhea, weight loss, malabsorption
* Importance not clear
* Diagnosis: PCR and ELISA (High Se and Sp), and Microscopy (Low Se and requires skill)
* Treatment: No approved treatment, hygiene, pasture raising young, low stoking density and age separation
| Fenbendazole has been rumored to work, however, not approved
49
Balantidium coli
* Commensal in cecum/colon in pigs
* Ulceration/ colitis in dogs/humans
* Unclear significance in livestock
* Direct smear- motile trophozoite
* Flotation- cyst
50
Blood born Protozoa
51
Babesia
* B. bigemina and B. bovis in US
* Rhipicephalus tick (primary vector)
* Reportable
* Bovine piroplasmosis, texas fever, and tick fever
52
Babesia CS, Dx and Treatment
* CS: Acute hemolytic crisis and death
* Diagnosis: Blood smear and Serology
* Treatment: Blood transfusion and Babesiacides (imidocarb)
53
Anaplasma
* A. marginale (Cattle)
* A. ovis (sheep/goat)
* Obligate intraerythrocytic
* Tick vector (Ixodes scapularis)
54
Anaplasma CS, Dx and Treatment
* CS: Extravascuar hemolysis
* Diagnosis: Low pcv, blood smear and PCR-acute or cELISA-chronic
* Treatment: Blood transfusion and Ocytetracycline
55
Protozoa associated with tissue cysts
56
Neospora
* Ruminants- IH with tissue cysts or placental infection
* Dogs/coyotes- DH
* Vertical transmission possible
* Worldwide prevalence
* Abortions mid-late gestation
* Neurologic signs, ill-thrift in neonates
57
Neospora Dx, Treatment and Prevention
* Diagnosis: Histopath- brain, heart, liver, placenta or Serology - indicates exposure only
* Treatment: NONE
* Prevention: Cull seropositive dams and No canids near livestock
58
Toxoplasma
* Sheep, goats and cattle- IH
* Felids- DH
* Vertical transmission possible
* Infectious stage: sporulated oocyst
* EED, abortion, stillbirth, mummification
* Resistant to destruction
59
Toxoplasma Dx
* Diagnosis: Serology or Histopath
60
Sarcocystis
* Ruminants- IH
* Mammals, birds and reptiles- DH
* Common in ruminants
* Sporocyst - infective stage (resistant to destruction)
* Acute and chronic signs
* Frequently asymptomatic
* Humans can serve as a DH or accidental IH
61
Cestodes
