Module 4 - lecture 6/7

Question 1

Parenchymal cells

Answer 1

Functional cells of the organ

Question 2

Stromal cells

Answer 2

Supporting structures of organs

Question 3

Tissue regeneration

Answer 3

Replacement of injured tissue with cells of the same type and function

Question 4

Tissue repair

Answer 4

Occurs when extent or nature of damage cannot be reversed by regeneration alone (scar)

Question 5

Stages of healing after tissue injury

Answer 5

Hemostasis (minutes), Inflammation (hours), Proliferation (days), Remodeling (weeks to months)

Question 6

Hemostasis (minutes)

Answer 6

Local vasoconstriction and activation of platelets and clotting factors to form a fibrin clot, creates the scaffold for migrating cells

Question 7

Inflammation (hours)

Answer 7

Driven by platelet derived mediators, bacteria, and secreted chemoattractants

Question 8

Proliferation (days)

Answer 8

Mediated by macrophage and fibroblast derived growth factors

Question 9

Remodeling (weeks to months)

Answer 9

transition from type 3 to type 1 collagen restoring tensile strength of tissue

Question 10

Determinants of regeneration vs repair

Answer 10

Nature of cells injured, extent of injury, presence or absence of ongoing inflammation, underlying disease

Question 11

Common outcome of various signal transduction pathways of growth factors

Answer 11

change in gene expression

Question 12

Primary intention

Answer 12

wound closed

Question 13

Secondary intention

Answer 13

wound left open

Question 14

tertiary intention

Answer 14

delayed primary closure

Question 15

Mechanism regulating cell proliferation

Answer 15

Differentiation, population, apoptosis

Question 16

Epidermal growth factor source

Answer 16

Activated macrophages, keratinocytes

Question 17

Epidermal growth factor function

Answer 17

Mitogenic for keratinocytes and fibroblasts, simulates keratinocyte migration and granulation tissue formation

Question 18

ECM Basement membrane components

Answer 18

Type IV collagen, laminin, proteoglycan

Question 19

EXM interstitial matrix components

Answer 19

Fibrillar collagens, elastin, proteoglycan and hyaluronan

Question 20

fibrosis definition

Answer 20

scarring

Question 21

4 processes of fibrosis

Answer 21

Angiogenesis, migration proliferation, deposition of ECM, maturation by macrophages

Question 22

Growth factors that regulate fibrosis

Answer 22

PDGF, TGFBeta, FGF-2

Question 23

Three key elements of shock

Answer 23

Life threatening, circulatory failure, inadequate oxygenation

Question 24

Four types of shock

Answer 24

Distributive, Hypovolemic, Cardiogenic, Obstructive

Question 25

Distributive shock

Answer 25

Vasodilation, sepsis #1, anaphylaxis, neurogenic

Question 26

Septic shock mortality rate

Answer 26

25-50%

Question 27

70% of septic shock cases caused by

Answer 27

endotoxin producing gram negative bacillus

Question 28

Hypovolemic shock

Answer 28

loss of plasma or blood volume

Question 29

hypovolemic shock causes

Answer 29

hemorrhage(ectopic pregnancy), severe burns, severe vomiting diarrhea

Question 30

Cardiogenic shock

Answer 30

Myocardial infract, ventricular arrhythmia, cardiac myopathy, valvular disease

Question 31

Obstructive shock

Answer 31

characterized by a blockage flow caused by a massive pericardial effusion, cardiac tamponade, pneumothorax

Question 32

Gram negative bacteria

Answer 32

endotoxin lipid A, o antigen on outer membrane

Question 33

Adrenomedullin role

Answer 33

enhances endothelial barrier function, acts differently in vascular space vs interstitial space

Question 34

Edema definition

Answer 34

Accumulation of fluid in interstitial space of body tissues

Question 35

Primary drivers of fluid in and out of vascular space

Answer 35

Hydrostatic pressure (pushing fluid out), colloid osmotic pressure (drawing fluid in)

Question 36

Cause of edema

Answer 36

Inability to reabsorb or remove fluid from lymph, leading to fluid accumulation

Question 37

Increased capillary permeability

Answer 37

L: cellulitis S: sepsis, hypersensitivity

Question 38

Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure

Answer 38

L: compartment syndrome, chronic venous insufficiency S: heart failure, renal failure, pregnancy

Question 39

Decreased capillary oncotic pressure

Answer 39

S: protein deficient states (nephrotic syndrome, cirrhosis)

Question 40

Lymphatic obstruction lymphedema

Answer 40

L: tumor, trauma, infection (filariasis)

Question 41

Transudate

Answer 41

protein poor

Question 42

exudate

Answer 42

protein rich

Question 43

Drug induced edema causes

Answer 43

Lymphatic drainage disruption, increased capillary permeability, increased capillary hydrostatic pressure