Module 4 : Maternal Diseases Flashcards
what is the function of the placenta
- exchange gas, nutrients and waste products between the mother and fetus
is the placenta a barrier
- yes but not always
in what two ways can harm be done to the fetus
- directly or indirectly
how is harm directly done to the fetus
- by transmission of the disease to the fetus
how is harm indirectly done to the fetus
- by diseases affecting placenta
- causing decreased placental flow which will compromise fetal growth or IUGR
how does timing of infection affect the severity of the infection
- earlier \+ result in spontaneous abortion \+ during organogenesis results in large number of adverse fetal effects - later \+ result in IUGR or still birth
what are the three different types of infections
- viral
- bacterial
- parasitic
what does TORCH stand for in torch infections
T = toxoplasmosis
O = other Transplacental infections
\+ syphillis, chlamydia, varicella-zoste, HIV, measles, parvo virus
R = rubella
C = cytomegalovirus
H = herpes simplexwhat are sonographic signs of TORCH infections
- small head
- cataracts
- conjunctivitis
- heart disease
- enlarged spleen
- hepatitis and jaundice
- pneumonia
- small eyes
- brain calcifications
- skin hemorrhages
what are the the 7 viral infections that can affect the fetus
- cytomegalovirus CNV
- herpes simplex virus type II
- varicella zoster virus chicken pox
- Epstein Barr virus MONO
- parvovirus
- rubella
- zika
is cytomegalovirus common or uncommon
- very common
where is cytomegalovirus commonly found
- largely populated areas
how do patients typically present with cytomegalovirus
- mild infection
do women who have had CMV typically contract it again or no
- they will not contract it again because they have the antibodies against it
when is a CMV infection most dangerous to the fetus
- when a primary infection occurs in pregnancy
what are the sonographic features of CMV in the fetus
- hydrops
- brain atrophy = ventriculomegaly, microcephaly
- intracranial calcification
- hyperechoic bowel/calcifications
- IUGR
- polyhydramnnious
how is fetal herpes virus type II acquired
- acquired from herpes type II (maternal genital herpes)
when is the greatest risk of transmission of maternal genital herpes to the fetus
- occurs in initial maternal infection contracted in the second half of pregnancy
what decreases risk of transmission with fetal herpes virus
- decreases with antiviral drugs or C section
what is the method of transmission of herpes type 1 to the fetus and is it common or rare
- oral
- rare
what is the sonographic characteristics of of a fetus infected with a primary maternal infection of herpes
- increased rate of spontaneous abortions
- increased rate of still birth
what are the sonographic appearance of herpes in the fetus
- microcephaly
- ventriculomegaly or hyradnechephaly
- IUGR
- cataracts
- micropthalmia
- hepatosplenomegaly
- premature delivery
what is varicella Zoster virus
- chicken pox
+ 1st and 2nd trimester maternal infection
+ congenital abnormalities
what is the affect of chicken pox as a postnatal newborn disease and when does it infect the fetus
- occurs with 3rd trimester maternal infection
- benign to fatal
