Module 4: Stochastic (late) effects of radiation

Question 1

radiation protection guidelines are based on:

Answer 1

stochastic effects

Question 2

radiation damage depend on:

Answer 2

age of cell
size of exposed area
quality of radiation

Question 3

the primary concern of exposure to the gonads by ionizing radiation is:

Answer 3

genetic mutations

Question 4

define carcinogenic:

Answer 4

ability to cause cancer

Question 5

when should gonadal shielding be used?

Answer 5

according to hospital protocol

Question 6

the most radiosensitive part of the eye:

Answer 6

lens

Question 7

stochastic effects are also known as _______ effects

Answer 7

late

Question 8

the best possible epidemiological study on the stochastic effects (of very low dose radiation) a population of __________ of people would required

Answer 8

millions

Question 9

a study of an irradiated population which showed a relative risk factor equal to or less than 1.0

Answer 9

no risk

Question 10

life-span shortening, malignant neoplasms and blood deficiencies are all considered:

Answer 10

late/stochastic effects

Question 11

our information on the genetic effects of radiation has mostly come from studies conducted on:

Answer 11

mice and fruit flies (animal studies)

Question 12

in general, cancers have a latent period of about:

Answer 12

25 years

Question 13

dose that if given to every member of a population will be expected to produce the same genetic injury to the population as does the actual dose received by the irradiated individual defines:

Answer 13

Genetically Significant Dose

Question 14

what are the effects of radiation dose levels of carcinogenesis?

Answer 14

the amount of radiation does does not effect severity of resulting cancer

any dose of radiation increases the probability of cancer

higher the rad. dose, the greater the chance of cancer

Question 15

a recessive gene will be expressed only if:

Answer 15

it’s matched w/ another recessive gene

Question 16

women employed as radium watch dial painters later showed excess risk for mostly ________ cancer

Answer 16

bone

Question 17

most point mutations occur due to __________ hit due to ________________

Answer 17

indirect; radiolysis of water

Question 18

describe groups of people that have been studied to determine the effects of radiation exposure:

Answer 18

range of doses during med. procedures

high radiation doses

workplace levels of radiation

Question 19

give 3 examples of carcinogens:

Answer 19

chemicals
radiation
biological (viruses)

Question 20

describe the outcome of H.J. Muller’s study of genetic mutations involving irradiated fruit flies:

Answer 20

does not create a new form of mutation

does not change quality of mutation

radiation increases the frequency of mutations as dose increases

Question 21

in general, dominant gene mutations express:

Answer 21

the following generation

Question 22

the threshold dose for cataract formation is ______ of acute exposure to the eyes

Answer 22

2 Gy

Question 23

one reason why it’s difficult to link cancer to a radiation exposure is because cancer already occurs at a _______ rate in the general population

Answer 23

high

Question 24

different types of mutations have different _______________

Answer 24

radiosensitivity’s

Question 25

radiation-induced leukemia has a latent period of ________

Answer 25

5-7 years

Question 26

radiation-induced mutations in somatic cells are a concern to:

Answer 26

somatic cells of exposed individual

Question 27

the radiation dose-response relationship of most cancers is:

Answer 27

linear, nonthreshold

Question 28

ankylosing spondylitis pts treated w/ radiation showed an increased incidence of ____________

Answer 28

leukemia

Question 29

radium is similar to ___________ because it is "bone seeking"

Answer 29

calcium

Question 30

a major difference between Muller's fruit fly study and the mega mouse study was:

Answer 30

dose rate effect does exist

Question 31

children treated with radiation to shrink their thymus gland later showed an excess risk for __________ cancer

Answer 31

thyroid

Question 32

based on research radiation-induced genetic mutations resulting from low doses of ionizing radiation is ___________

Answer 32

very rare

Question 33

the spread of cancer from its area of origin to another area in the body is known as:

Answer 33

metastasis

Question 34

the deletion or loss of a base pair in a strand of DNA is known as:

Answer 34

point mutation

Question 35

radiation-induced genetic mutations are most often considered to be ____________

Answer 35

recessive

Question 36

describe the formula for relative risk:

Answer 36

observed cases/expected cases

Question 37

in the general public __________ is the primary cause of lung cancer in the U.S. and _______ is the secondary cause.

Answer 37

smoking; radon

Question 38

define carcinoma. include where it originates

Answer 38

cancer that develops in epithelial tissue

Question 39

the primary contributors to cancer are:

Answer 39

activation of oncogenes loss of suppressor genes

Question 40

list 3 possible causes of cancer

Answer 40

radiation chemical environment

Question 41

risk assessments are used to predict possible effects of low dose radiation because research on low-dose radiation is:

Answer 41

limited to a few studies of human population

Question 42

relative risk is a helpful tool for researchers when:

Answer 42

no precise knowledge of received dose is available

Question 43

define carcinoma. make sure to identify origins

Answer 43

cancers developed from bone, cartilage, and muscle

Question 44

____________ is both a relatively rare cancer but also the most common cancer in children

Answer 44

leukemia

Question 45

are sarcomas rare or common? they make up ______ of all cancers

Answer 45

rare 1%

Question 46

rates and types of cancers differ depending on geographic regions of the world due to:

Answer 46

difference in exposure to carcinomas environmental differences diet

Question 47

define epidemiological study:

Answer 47

study of diseases in population and how to control them

Question 48

local tissue effects of low-dose radiation include:

Answer 48

life-span shortening cataracts

Question 49

the ACR recommends an annual mammography screening beginning at age ____ and people considered high risk as early as age ____

Answer 49

40 30

Question 50

during a fluoro exam it is best to position the pt so they are facing ____________ the x-ray tube

Answer 50

away from

Question 51

identify who genetic effects from low-dose radiation exposure could affect

Answer 51

children and grandchildren of exposed individual

Question 52

the most common type of cancer, making up about 85% of all cancers are:

Answer 52

carcinomas

Question 53

in theory, _________cells are at risk from all levels of radiation. (_____ and _______)

Answer 53

germ; egg and sperm

Question 54

the NCRP recommends a dose level of _____ Sv/yr for radiology workers

Answer 54

0.5

Question 55

__________ is both a stochastic effect and deterministic effect of radiation exposure

Answer 55

cataracts

Question 56

define reciprocal translocation.

Answer 56

no genetic info lost but rearrangement of genes in incorrect order

Question 57

_________________ can cause cancer via means of altering genes that control cell growth, division, and death, or by damaging DNA repair genes and is more likely to cause cancer than reciprocal translocation or gene amplification

Answer 57

point mutations

Question 58

________ effects may not be evident for several generations

Answer 58

genetic

Question 59

a relative risk of 1.5 would indicate an increased risk of ______

Answer 59

50%

Question 60

most damage to a DNA molecule would result from _________________ of a molecule

Answer 60

complete scission

Question 61

ovaries are most sensitive during _____________ and _____________

Answer 61

fetal growth; early childhood