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maps & society > module 5 > Flashcards

module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

what maps was the first cartographic visualization on subsurface geology

A

the strata of England and wales by William smith 1815

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2
Q

who is william smith

A

self-taught geologist and surveyor - started publishing maps in 1799 - he notices that layers like siltstone, mudstone and coal had a repeating order and that the fossils also correspond with this order

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3
Q

the map of the strata of England and wales by snow what did it show

A

The potential for coal production in southwest wales and north in Yorkshire and the pennies - coal is cruicil for the industrial revolution

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4
Q

the strata of engldna and wales what was it used for

A

used for mining and coal - deep watering mines

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5
Q

what is Humboldt map of New Spain and when was it published

A

it was the best map of the region up to that date and used the archives in Mexico City published in 1811

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6
Q

who is humboldt

A

polymath with interests in physics, oceanography and climatology

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7
Q

what is humboldt’s isotherm map

A

his most important map - the idea of the climate in Aristotle - plots the temperature of 13 locations and then interpolates drawing isotherms based on average summer and winter temperatures

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8
Q

what did humbolts isotherm map tell us about weather profiles

A

that two places can be on the same latitude have different climates

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9
Q

what is the salem map

A

1822 george whistler and william mcneil shows the 3D map on a 2D map

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10
Q

what does the salem map show

A

the advantage and disadvantages of the two methods of topographic visualisation: contours and hachure

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11
Q

who is george whistler and william mcneil

A

two graduated from the US military academy

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12
Q

the map of the hydrographic basin of the upper Mississippi river

A

oublished in 1843

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13
Q

who created the map of hyrographic basin of the upper Mississippi river

A

joseph nicollet

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14
Q

who is joseph nicollet

A

worked at the paris observatory - he undertook major survey of the Mississippi basin that used astronomical and barometric observations as well as additional surveying

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15
Q

the slave population of the southern states map 1860

A

choropleth map which shows the percentage of the population that was enslaved represented by shades of colours

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16
Q

who is Edwin hergesheimer

A

worked for the US coast survey and published the slave population map - a german immigrant and left because of his radical politics

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17
Q

sherman’s march to the sea map

A

1864 sherman marched 60,000 soldiers away from Atlanta to savannah Georgia

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18
Q

the great migration map

A

product of a fail of a reconstruction after the civil war - slaves move to the industrial settlements in the north

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19
Q

redlining

A

residential security maps - different colours for different buildings which are “best” and “hazardous”

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20
Q

dymaxion map

A

fuller - in the control room

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21
Q

united nations map

A

1945 - Bulluk - quotations of the old and new testaments on the map

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22
Q

define geodesy

A

the branch of mathematics dealing with the shape and area of the earth or large portions of it.

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23
Q

the radcliffe award

A

1947 - clear they were moving away - draw boundaries between countries

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24
Q

“red china”, time magazine 1955

A

map of north asia

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25
Q

taiwan “ROC” - why is it called it

A

this island has a say over the whole of china

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26
Q

space

A

first effective rocket V2 - german - atlas 5 launching a modern satellite

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27
Q

selenography/ lunar landing map 1969

A

map of the moon

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28
Q

apollo 17: blue marble

A

completeness of the earth

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29
Q

the brandt line

A

global poverty - the global “north” which means the north is developed countries and the south is developing

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30
Q

tharp-heezen map

A

map made from sonar of the worlds ocean - showed the topography of the worlds ocean tharp -heezen map helped show the plate tectonics which people didn’t believe until this map

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31
Q

darwins coral reef map

A
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32
Q

heinrich C berann

A

1915-1999 - paint panoramic maps

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33
Q

soviet propaganda

A

yellow areas - trying to get rid of them - trying to detach quebec

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34
Q

what is the human connectome project

A

mapping of the human brain - 5 year project in 2009 to create a “network map” of the interactions between parts of the human brain

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35
Q

what is non-spatial cartography

A

a web like image

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36
Q

infographics

A

paul scrutton - circles all on the page

37
Q

what is shown on the indigenous communities map, canada

A

mapped land as seen by hunters, trappers, fishermen and berry-pickers - used to create Nunavut

38
Q

what is counter-mapping

A

used by Nancy Palusp in 1995 t describe the process of indigenous people in Indonesia to map their forest resources - to undermine the authority of government maps - the process of cartography that challenges the dominant views of the world and methods in cartography

39
Q

web Mercator

A

google maps - varient of the mercator projection - assumes the world is spherical whereas the normal assumes ts ellipsoid

  • web mercator calucations are faster than elliptical ones
40
Q

google earth

A
  • released in 2001
  • largest public GIS system with the acquisition of Keyhole
41
Q

google pagerank

A
  • named after larry page
  • counts the number and quality of links to a page to determine a rough estimate of how important the website is
42
Q

SGI Infinite Reality “Space to Your Face” Demo

A

mid 1990s SGI
way to demonstrate the clip-map texturing

43
Q

GIS wars

A

1998 - presidential column in the newsletter of the Association of American geographers argued that GIS had no claim to intellectual standing

44
Q

CGIS

A

tomlinson had the idea that computers could be the solution to the problem of having to use 300 maps to map the forest in ottowa

1962 Tomlinson - maps could be put into numerical form and linked together

45
Q

what is the geoid

A

revealed the world was not an ellipsoid but very uneven

46
Q

Global Positioning System (NAVSTAR)

A

use of lasers in terrestrial surveying to accurately measure distance 1974 with 31 satellites in orbit - it is owned and operated by the US Department of DOD - normal accuracy of GPS is 3.5 metres

47
Q

robinson

A

1961 projection used by rand MCnally and national geographic society atlases

48
Q

Gall-Peters Projection

A

cylindrical projection of the world

49
Q

who is arno peters

A

german historian and film maker - created the peters projection - studies film in the US - wrote the general history of the world in 1952

50
Q

Gall-Peters Equal Area World Map,Peters Projection, Five principles

A

Fidelity of area, axis, position, scale and proportionality

51
Q

soviet military maps

A

produced for the public and were deliberatily falsifed to make travel and targeting difficult detailed descriptions of the trees and widths of roads

1:2500000 world maps in 270 sheets in 1960/70s

1.1 million of these military maps

52
Q

soviet propaganda

A

frank jacobs

53
Q

Heinrich C. Berann (1915-1999)

A

creator of the modern panorama map - he was self taught from the national geographic society - best known for the national parks

54
Q

Tharp-Heezen Map (Mid-Atlantic Ridge)

A

born in 1920 - english degreen - ma in geology - map soil types across the US to increase agriculture productivity - mapping topography of the sea floor

55
Q

Selenography/Lunar Landings Map (1969)

A

mapping the moon landings

19060s apollo program detailed maps were required

56
Q

Cartography and the Holocaust

A

maps to find where the jews were 1930s - shows clusters of jews in black as well as gypsies - supplied to local authorities

57
Q

Grant’s Present Distribution of European Races

A

grant : eugenicist and lawyer
made the map because: wanted to show a rigid system of selection through the elimination of those who are weak or unfit - social failures

58
Q

Nazi Propaganda

A

1935 map shows czechsolvakia endagered germany

59
Q

Racial Maps

A

where the different races were across the US

60
Q

Friedrich Ratzel’s Lebensraum

A

human existence was a fight for geographical space

61
Q

Sykes-Picot Agreement

A

secret agreement between france and britan in 1916 that divided up the middle east following the fall of the ottoman empire

62
Q

World Aeronautical Chart

A

created by the international civil aviation organization after huge increases in flying meant a need for a new chart - combines IMW and WAC because of their scales

63
Q

Albrecht Penck (1858-1945)(centred on the poles)

A

map centred on the poles - the millionth map of the world

he worked on ice age stratigraphy and glaciers in the bavarian alps

64
Q

International Map of the World (1909-)(polyconic projection)

A

neither conformal nor equavalent but okay for mid-range scale of the map - contours used at 200, 500, 1000, 1500, 2000, 2500

65
Q

Wegener’s Palaeocontinents (c. 1915)

A

first to propose a Pangea - couldnt develop a mechanism because he saw the rate of movement as high as 250cm/ year - sea floor spreading

66
Q

Pirate and Traveler (1906)(more or less centred on the US/Atlantic )

A

published in 1906 by the California educational games company - allows children to go on long journeys that are broken by mishapes - to teach students about countries and their resources

67
Q

“The Geographical Pivot of History” (1904)(Halford Mackinder)

A

Halford MacKinder - founder of the london school of economics as well as a Scottish member of parliament - oval shape - mercator projection - predicted the 1939 pact between Russia and Germany and the formation of NATO

68
Q

Orthomosaic

A

maps are easier to produce and update - aerial photos

69
Q

Fundamental Benchmarks

A

national levelling benchmarks have been maintained with great care - monument in Ottowa

70
Q

National Triangulation Networks

A

need for precise surveying - great improvement in the accuracy of national triangulation networks which used church spires

71
Q

Photogrammetry

A

1939 stereoplotter for using overlapping photos seen in stereo to draw topographic maps - solved the technical challenges of using terrestrial surveying instruments to take the tens of thousands of spot measurements required for large-scale accurate topo-mapping

72
Q

The Airplane in WWI (Cameras)

A

cameras were used to take overlapping photographs

73
Q

Early Aerial Photography

A

hot air balloon photos were taken by Gaspard-Felix Gournachon (Nadar).

74
Q

“Topography of Niagara” (1827)

A

nadir view of the landscape before the camera by the American painter George Catlin

75
Q

Photography

A

by Nicephore Niepce in collaboration with niepce - copying from a negative

76
Q

Density Maps

A

snow used dot distribution

77
Q

John Snow’s Cholera Map

A

the map is of the sho district of London and represents the beginning of modern epidemiology and the germ theory - he mapped the 500 deaths and used small bars to represent the number of deaths - cholera came from the pump and it should be closed.

john snow: doctor who rejected the idea of the mias theory

78
Q

Descriptive Map of London Poverty (1898-9)

A

created by charles booth (liverpool born philanthropist)

map shows the social make-up of London conducted by interviews with people across the city

79
Q

Matthew Maury’s Wind and Current Chart

A

use of old log books and reports of naval and sea captains

shows how the currents often were not the same as the great-circle/ rumb lines

80
Q

Greenwich Meridian

A
81
Q

The Dominion Land Survey

A

an effort to divide western canada into sections - started in 1871 and applied a survey gird of 800,000
- divided into 36 sections
- it was disruptive and led to the re river rebellion

82
Q

Cadastral Surveying and County Atlases

A
83
Q

Adventist Missionary Map

A

“folk map” insight into the underlying beliefs of preacher William miller’s Adventists - shows the continent of Africa where Adventist missionaries were working

84
Q

The Miller Chart

A

combines enlightenment empiricism with religion in his deist position

85
Q

Dr. Livingstone’s Map of Africa

A

map of africa as being marked with all of the colours of the rainbow - shows his last journey and the lakes he discovered as well as rivers - the first western map of the interior of africa

86
Q

“Indian Territory” Map

A

base map produced by henry schenk tanner 19th century American cartographer - shows how indigenous peoples controlled the very fertile plains of the US - coloured zones show lands already in treaties as well as the indian territory - used by congree as part of legislative acts removing aboriginal peoples

87
Q

Cotton Boom

A

60% o us exports were cotton - map shows this

88
Q

Sherman’s March to the Sea

A

he marches 60,000 sodiers away frm atlanta to savannah Georgia - destroyed southern property, freed slaves as they marches to sea

89
Q

Slave Population of the Southern States

A

maps & society (2 decks)

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