Module 5

Question 1

What are the two main classifications of human acts?

Answer 1

(1) In relation to the will and (2) In relation to reason.

Question 2

Actions started, performed, and completed by the will, either by the will alone or through other faculties under its control.

Answer 2

Human Acts

Question 3

What is the significance of human acts in relation to reason?

Answer 3

They refer to actions that are either in agreement or disagreement with reason.

Question 4

What are the two kinds of human acts in relation to the will?

Answer 4

Elicited acts and commanded acts.

Question 5

Acts that are started, performed, and completed by the will as the sole agent.

Answer 5

Elicited Acts

Question 6

Acts that are begun in the will, performed by the will, but completed through another medium under the control of the will.

Answer 6

Commanded Acts

Question 7

List the seven elements involved in the completion of elicited acts. (WICCCCF)

Answer 7

Wish, intention, counsel, consent, choice, command, and fruition.

Question 8

The primordial desire, liking, or inclination of the will towards something conceived as good and known by the intellect.

Answer 8

Wish

Question 9

The purposive tendency of the will towards a thing regarded as realizable.

Answer 9

Intention

Question 10

The series of thoughts and judgments concerning the most suitable means towards the attainment of the desired good or end.

Answer 10

Counsel

Question 11

A definite decision regarding what means should be used to achieve a desired good.

Answer 11

Consent

Question 12

The active commitment of the agent to follow the means that the intellect has determined as the “right pick.”

Answer 12

Choice

Question 13

The actual attainment of the desired good, leading to satisfaction from what has been willed.

Answer 13

Fruition

Question 14

What are the three kinds of commanded acts?

Answer 14

Internal acts, external acts, and mixed acts.

Question 15

Actions performed through internal mental powers under the command of the will, such as remembering or reasoning

Answer 15

internal acts.

Question 16

Actions affected by bodily powers under the command of the will, like writing or walking.

Answer 16

External Acts

Question 17

Actions that involve both bodily and mental powers, such as painting or studying.

Answer 17

Mixed Acts

Question 18

What are the three kinds of human acts in relation to reason? (GEI)

Answer 18

Good acts, evil acts, and indifferent acts.

Question 19

Actions performed in harmony with the dictates of right reason.

Answer 19

Good Acts

Question 20

Actions that contradict the dictates of right reason.

Answer 20

Evil Acts

Question 21

Actions that are neither good nor evil and bear no positive relation to the dictates of reason; they exist only in theory.

Answer 21

Indifferent Acts

Question 22

Why do indifferent acts not exist in practice?

Answer 22

In concrete situations, actions are only either good or bad; indifferent acts are theoretical and do not apply to actual circumstances.

Question 23

What is a key factor in determining whether actions are good or bad?

Answer 23

The context of the circumstances that affect the performance of an act.

Question 24

An act that proceeds from an intrinsic principle with knowledge of the end.

Answer 24

Voluntary Act

Question 25

What two conditions are required for a voluntary act?

Answer 25

Knowledge and freedom.

Question 26

How many degrees of voluntariness are there?

Answer 26

Thirteen kinds or degrees.

Question 27

The act performed with complete knowledge and full consent of the agent.

Answer 27

Perfect Voluntariness

Question 28

Present when there is some defect in the agent's knowledge, intention, or both.

Answer 28

Imperfect Voluntariness

Question 29

Present in a human act performed, regardless of the agent's like or dislike.

Answer 29

Simple Voluntariness

Question 30

Present when the agent wishes to do something else but does it with repugnance or dislike.

Answer 30

Conditional Voluntariness

Question 31

Present here and now before the mind while performing an action.

Answer 31

Actual Voluntariness

Question 32

Voluntariness made at some former time that still influences the current act.

Answer 32

Virtual Voluntariness

Question 33

Intention in the unconscious mind from a former intention that has not been retracted.

Answer 33

Habitual Voluntariness.

Question 34

Results from interpreting the intention of someone not present or who cannot make a decision.

Answer 34

Interpretative Voluntariness

Question 35

When consent is manifested externally by words or signs, rather than tacitly.

Answer 35

Explicit Voluntariness

Question 36

What are the four conditions under which a human act resulting in both good and evil effects is morally permissible?

Answer 36

1) The action must be morally good or indifferent; 2) The good effect must precede the evil effect; 3) There must be a grave reason for the act; 4) The evil effect should not outweigh the good effect.

Question 37

What are the essential elements of human acts affected by modifiers?

Answer 37

Knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness.

Question 38

How do modifiers of human acts affect an agent's responsibility?

Answer 38

Greater knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness lead to greater responsibility; lesser knowledge, freedom, and voluntariness lead to lesser responsibility.

Question 39

What are the five modifiers of human acts? (ICFVH)

Answer 39

Ignorance, concupiscence, fear, violence, and habit.

Question 40

The absence of knowledge in a person who is required to know what he does not know.

Answer 40

Ignorance

Question 41

How is ignorance different from innocence?

Answer 41

Innocence is the absence of knowledge in a person who is not required to know, while ignorance applies to someone who should know.

Question 42

the absence of knowledge in a person who is not required to know

Answer 42

Innocence

Question 43

The specific thing of which a person may be ignorant, such as law, fact, or penalty.

Answer 43

ignorance from the standpoint of the object

Question 44

A conquerable ignorance for which the person is culpable if they do not make efforts to dispel it.

Answer 44

Vincible Ignorance

Question 45

What are the three degrees of vincible ignorance?

Answer 45

Crass or supine, simple, and affected.

Question 46

Ignorance that results from a total lack of effort to dispel it.

Answer 46

Crass Vincible Ignorance

Question 47

Ignorance where a person wants to remain ignorant to plead innocence.

Answer 47

Affected Vincible Ignorance

Question 48

Ignorance that follows upon an act of the will, where the agent is aware of their ignorance.

Answer 48

Consequent Ignorance

Question 49

What are the four principles of ignorance's relation to culpability?

Answer 49

a. Invincible ignorance makes an act involuntary. b. Vincible ignorance does not destroy voluntariness. c. Simple vincible ignorance lessens voluntariness. d. Crass and affected vincible ignorance increase voluntariness.

Question 50

It refers to man's sensory appetites, specifically emotions and feelings related to actions.

Answer 50

Concupiscence

Question 51

What are the two broad categories of passions?

Answer 51

Concupiscible and irascible passions.

Question 52

Name five concupiscible passions. (LDHJB)

Answer 52

Love, desire, joy, hope, and bravery.

Question 53

Name six irascible passions. (HHSDFA)

Answer 53

Hatred, horror, sorrow, despair, fear, and anger.

Question 54

When do concupiscence and passions become morally relevant?

Answer 54

When ordered by the rational will towards virtue or morally good actions.

Question 55

What is the difference between antecedent and consequent passions?

Answer 55

Antecedent passions arise without the will's stimulation, while consequent passions are fostered by the will.

Question 56

Antecedent concupiscence lessens the voluntariness of an act.

Answer 56

first principle of concupiscence

Question 57

How does fear influence actions?

Answer 57

Fear can induce actions and can either accompany voluntary acts or compel actions against one's will.

Question 58

What is the difference between acts done with fear and acts done from fear?

Answer 58

Acts done with fear are voluntary but unpleasant, while acts done from fear may be involuntary in certain instances.

Question 59

How does violence affect voluntariness?

Answer 59

Actions resulting from violence are involuntary since the agent does not will them.

Question 60

A constant and easy way of doing things acquired through the repetition of the same act.

Answer 60

Habit

Question 61

What distinguishes entitative habits from operative habits?

Answer 61

Entitative habits refer to qualities of being, while operative habits refer to tendencies developed from repeated acts.

Question 62

How do habits relate to voluntariness and responsibility?

Answer 62

Habits do not destroy voluntariness, and actions performed by habit are imputable unless the habit was acquired involuntarily and without knowledge.

Question 63

What happens if an evil habit is acquired voluntarily but the agent is actively trying to counteract it?

Answer 63

The acts that proceed from the habit are not imputed to the agent.