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Biology > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

(64 cards)

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1
Q

Describe ATP and its properties

A

ATP is a small soluble stable molecule

It allows for easy movement in cytoplasm
It is easily hydrolysed for fast release of energy
Small amount of energy released so less energy is wasted
Releases heat energy to help with thermoregulation

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2
Q

Describe cristae

A

Folding of the inner membrane which creates a larger surface area for oxidatative phosphorylation

Has lots of carrier proteins for the electron transport chain

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3
Q

Describe the matrix

A

Fluid filled cavity containing enzymes to catalase reactions in kerb cycle- has lots of co-enzymes eg// NAD and FAD

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4
Q

Dehydrogenation

A

Removes a H+ ion from carbohydrates and joins it with NAD or FAD

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5
Q

Uses of circular DNA and ribosomes in mitochondria

A

For cell endosymbiosis
Allows for self replication and production of its own enzymes

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6
Q

Decarboxylation

A

Removes a carbon from a carbohydrate to form CO2

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7
Q

Chemiosmosis

A

Uses H+ ions to release energy to generate ATP formation

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8
Q

Glycolysis facts

A

Occurs in cytoplasm
Doesn’t require oxygen- both aerobic and anaerobic conditions

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9
Q

Details of glycolysis

A

Glucose (phosphorylation)
Glucose 6 phosphate (isomerase enzyme)
Fructose 6 phosphate (phosphorylation)
Hexose 1,6 bisphosphate (lysis due to pressure on bonds)
2x Triose phosphate (phosphorylation)
2x Triose bisphosphate (substrate level phosphorylation + dehydrogenation)
2x pyruvate which then enters link reaction

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10
Q

Products of glycolysis

A

2x ATP
2x reduced NAD
2x Pyruvate

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11
Q

Link reaction details

A

Occurs in matrix

Pyruvate (dehydrogenation and decarboxylation)

Forms Acytyl Co A

Turns twice as there are 2 pyruvate molecules

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12
Q

Products of link reaction

A

2X CO2
2X NADH

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13
Q

Kreb cycle details

A

Oxaloacetate combines with acetyl to from citrate
Dehydrogenation and decarboxylation occurs to form a 5 carbon compound
Dehydrogenation and decarboxylation occurs to form a 4 carbon compound
Substrate level phosphorylation then occurs as the 4C compound combines with COA to from another 4C compound
Dehydrogenation then occurs twice (NAD then FAD respectively) to reform oxaloacetate

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14
Q

Overall products of the krebs cycle

A

4X CO2
6X NADH
2X ATP
2X FADH

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15
Q

Describe the pacinian corpuscle

A

Rings of connective tissue wrapped around nerve cell

Sensitive to changes in pressure

When pressure is applied the rings deform allowing Na+ ions to move in

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16
Q

Role of cell body

A

Makes neurotransmitters which are then transported by axon

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17
Q

Define energy transducer

A

Converts a signal into an electrical impulse

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18
Q

Describe myelin sheath

A

Made of schwonn cells tightly wrapped around a neurone which has gaps called nodes of ranvier

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19
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

Occurs due to mylenation

Elongates the localcurrent

Quickens the conduction of impulses

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20
Q

All or nothing response

A

Either you reach threshold (-50mv) and produce action potential or threshold potential is not met so no action potential produced

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21
Q

Local current

A

Wave of depolarisation down the neurone

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22
Q

Uses of synapses

A

Unidirectional impulses

Spatial summation

Temporal summation

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23
Q

What is temporal summation

A

The frequency of action potentials

Higher frequency suggests a stronger stimulus

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24
Q

What is spatial summation

A

Combined affect of lots of small action potentials to produce an action potential in post synaptic neurone

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25
Uses of cerebrospinal fluid
Absorbs mechanical shock Allows heat to be absorbed to cool brain Immunological defence Removes waster and supply’s brain with oxygen and other nutrients
26
Ganglions
Lots of cell bodies bundled together causing swelling of neurone
27
Describe somatic nervous system
Voluntary and conscious control (no ganglions) Has lots of mylenation for saltatory conduction Single motor neurone connects CNS to effector
28
Describes the autonomic nervous system
Not under voluntary control Connected at ganglia Non mylenation Branches into sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system
29
Effect of the sympathetic nervous system
Increases heart rate Pupil dilation Vasoconstriction Decrease in digestion Increase in ventilation
30
Effects of the parasympathetic nervous system
Decreases heart rate Constricts pupils Vasodilation Decrease in ventilation Increase in digestion
31
Function of cerebrum
Conscious thought, learning, reasoning and intelligence
32
Function of thalamus
Relays sensation and motor signals to cerebral cortex
33
Function of cerebellum
Controls posture and fine motor skills
34
Function of medulla oblongata
Autonomic nervous system Controls reflex arc, breathing, heart rate, coughing…
35
What could be a side effect of a damaged cerebellum
Poor balance and movement
36
What does anterior pituitary gland release during fight or flight
ACTH- acts on adrenal cortex stimulating release of cortisol which will travel in blood stream to target cells TSH- acts on thyroid gland stimulating release of thyroxine These increase metabolism, aerobic respiration and ATP production
37
What does sympathetic CNS do during fight or flight
Causes smooth muscle to relax to increase airflow to lungs Decreases digestion to conserve energy for essential tasks Causes adrenal medulla to release adrenaline and noradrenaline which travels in blood stream to target cells
38
Role of sympathetic nervous system in control of hear beat
Sends signal down an accelerator nerve, nor adrenaline will act as a neurotransmitter and increase the heart rate
39
Role of parasympathetic nervous system in control of hear beat
Impulse travels down the vagus nerve, and acetylcholine will act as a neurotransmitter which decreases the heart rate
40
Role of stretch receptors
Detects movement of muscles
41
What is an A band made from
Made from myosin Thick filament
42
What’s an I band made from
Made from actin Thin filament
43
What is a tropism
A direction growth in response to a stimulus
44
Phototropism
A directional growth towards the light
45
Geotropism
A direction growth towards the pull of gravity
46
Chemotropism
A direction growth in response to chemicals
47
Thigmatropisim
A directional growth where shoots of climbing plants wrap around other plants for support
48
Describe seed germination
Water is absorbed by seed Embryo release gibberellins that act as transcription factor Switches on gene for amylase Amylase breaks down starch in seed into glucose Glucose is then respired to produce ATP Seed germinates and roots and shoots start to grow
49
Describe phototropism in the shoot
Auxin is in the growing tip of shoot When light is shined on side, auxin is redistributed to dark side Auxin causes active transport of protons into cellulose cell wall Protons break hydrogen bonds in cellulose Triggers enzymes in cellulose cell wall to break down proteins Cellulose strands then slide over each other and become stretchy As water moves into the cellulose the layers slide onto dark side resulting in uneven swelling
50
Describe abscission
Caused by low levels of auxin and high levels of ethene Enzymes breakdown what holds the cellular layers together Cells either side of abscission form waxy layer to seal of the phloem and xylem Leave/fruit then falls off
51
How does abscisic acid (ABA) work
Roots detect decrease in water in soil Roots produce ABA ABA travels through xylem to guard cells ABA binds to receptors causing K+ ions to move out guard cells This lowers WP of surrounding cells so water moves out guard cell by osmosis Guard cell shrivels causing stomata to close
52
Apical dominance for a tall growing plant
Auxin is in the growing tip Cytokines are in the root Absicic acid will be at lateral buds causing plant to grow tall
53
Apical dominance for bushy plant
Remove auxin by cutting growing tip Cytokinins will redistribute to lateral buds causing plant Abscisic acid will move away from lateral buds Plant will branch out
54
Uses of gibberelins
Spray on sugar cane to increase growth rate Spray on grapes to increase stem length allowing for bigger grapes Delays plant aging
55
Uses of cytokinins
Allows plants to grow tall and straight Can choose shape of plant Delays plant aging Inhibits abscission
56
Uses of ethene
Inhibits cell elongation Stimulates flowing of plants Can ripen fruit at same time Promotes abscission
57
Uses of auxin
Found in rooting powder to stim rooting and help with cuttings Used in weed killer as it increases the rate of growth of the weed so much that it’s unable to substain it hence it dies
58
Describe the Grana
Where light dependant stage occurs Has 3 membranes Large surfaces area to maximise the number of photosystems Proteins are embedded t hold photo systems in place
59
Describe the stroma
Where the light independent stage occurs Fluid filled matrix Contains starch grains, oil droplets, ribosomes and DNA
60
What is primary pigment
The reaction centre of photosystems such as chlorophyll a
61
What is an accessory pigment and give four examples
Photosystems in the thylakoid membrane Absorbs red/blue light and reflects green light: Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b Absorbs blue/violet light: B- carotene, 4 xanthropylls
62
What is resonance energy transfer
When photons of light is absorbed by accessory pigments causing electrons to get excited and jump up energy levels which then fall back down This passes energy to next accessory pigment
63
Products of non-cyclic vs cyclic photosynthesis
Non cyclic: ATP, oxygen and reduced NADP Cyclic: ATP
64
What happens if plant is under stress/ has lack of water
Photosystems 2 can’t occur in the light dependant reaction so cyclic photosynthesis will occur

Biology (7 decks)

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