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ISAP > Module 5 > Flashcards

Module 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Fill in the diagram

A
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2
Q
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3
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5
Q
A
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6
Q

What are the three parts of the aorta?

A

Ascending, descnding, aortic arch

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7
Q

Which of these regions is connected to the heart and which chamber does it receive blood from?

A

Ascending aorta connects to the heart; it receives blood from the left ventricle

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8
Q

Is this blood oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

oxygenated

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9
Q

The descending aorta travels inferiorly through the thoracic cavity (known as the thoracic aorta) to enter the abdominal cavity (then known as the abdominal aorta, see station 5). What structure must the descending aorta pass through to enter the abdominal cavity?

A

The Diaphragm

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10
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A
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11
Q
A
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12
Q

Which of these is connected to directly to the heart and which chamber does it receive blood from?

A

Pulmonary trunk (7) connects to the heart and receives blood from the right ventricle.

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13
Q

Is this blood oxygenated or deoxygenated?

A

deoxygenated

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14
Q

Each of the brachiocephalic veins unite into a single common vein which delivers blood to the right atrium of the heart, what is the name of this vein, labelled 11?

A

Superior Vena Cava

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15
Q

The other major vein returning blood back to the heart is labelled 12. This returns blood from the lower half of the body, the lower limbs and the abdomen and pelvis. What is the name of this major vein?

A

Inferior vena cava

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16
Q

Finally, the right and left pulmonary veins return blood from which set of organs and into which chamber of the heart do they enter? Add these to Figure 5.3.

A

Pulmonary veins return blood to the left atrium of the heart.

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17
Q

The axillary artery is a continuation of another vessel which is located below the clavicle and bring blood from the thorax to the upper limb (see Station 2); name this vessel?

A

Right subclavian artery

18
Q

The two subclavian arteries (right and left) arise from different vessels in the thorax. Name the arteries these vessels arise from

Right subclavian artery

Left subclavian artery

A

Brachiocephalic (which branches off the aorta)

Aorta (there is no brachiocephalic artery for the left side)

19
Q

Which of the arteries from question 1 do you usually palpate to measure a person’s pulse rate?

A

Radial

20
Q
A
21
Q

Popliteal artery will split into two vessels just below the knee to supply the leg and foot; name these vessels.

A

Anterior and posterior tibial arteries

22
Q
A
23
Q

All vessels that supply the organs of the abdomen arise from the single main blood vessel running anterior to the vertebral column. Name this vessel.

A

Abdominal aorta

24
Q
A
25
Q

The gut tube begins formation in the 4th week of embryonic life and is divided into three primitive sections. These sections develop into the adult digestive system structures, and retain the same distribution of blood vessels from three main unpaired abdominal aortic branches

A
26
Q
A
27
Q

Name four locations on the body where the arterial pulse may be taken.

A

radial, carotid, brachial, popliteal, facial, dorsalis pedis

28
Q

If the blood pressure is recorded as 118/76 mmHg, what is the:

Systolic pressure?

Diastolic pressure?

Pulse Pressure?

Mean arterial Pressure?

A

118 mmHg

76 mmHg

42 mmHg

90 mmHg

29
Q

What are the calculations for pressures?

A

Hint: PP = SBP – DBP and MAP = DBP + 1/3 PP

30
Q

Why is the brachial artery used when taking blood pressure?

A

Brachial artery is at the same level as the heart giving the best picture of pressure during ventricular systole & diastole

31
Q

Define Total Peripheral Resistance:

A

The friction blood encounters as it passes through vessels. Blood flow is inversely proportional to resistance, i.e. as resistance increases, blood flow decreases

32
Q

What is BP?

A

BP = CO x TPR

Systolic blood pressure (SBP) is a measure of the maximum pressure exerted by the ventricles of the heart during systole. Diastolic blood pressure (DBP) is the pressure in the arteries at the end of diastole and measures the force exerted by the blood upon arterial walls when the ventricles are relaxed. Diastolic blood pressure is maintained through the elastic recoil of arteries. Whereas SBP can be used as an indicator of cardiac output DBP is used as an indicator of peripheral resistance.

33
Q

What is Pulse pressure (PP)?

A

PP = SBP - DBP

Pulse pressure (PP) (the difference between SBP and DBP) is a useful indicator of the extent and efficiency of blood flow. It is normally about 40 mmHg

34
Q

What is the mean arterial pressure (MAP)?

A

MAP = DBP + 1 /3 PP

The mean arterial pressure (MAP) is the average arterial pressure throughout the cardiac cycle. It is not halfway between SBP and DBP because the pressure remains closer to DBP than SBP during most of the cardiac cycle.

35
Q

Describe the auscultatory method

A

The auscultatory method entails using a stethoscope to listen for the “sounds of Korotkoff”, which are produced as the cuff pressure is lowered; the stethoscope is placed over the brachial artery, in the antecubital fossa. The sounds are caused by turbulence in blood flow when blood squeezes through the artery, whenever arterial pressure exceeds cuff pressure. The sounds are as follows:  When the external cuff pressure is high it compresses the artery and totally restricts blood flow at all phases of the cardiac cycle there is no blood flow and no sound (>120mmHg in Figure 5.11).  As the cuff pressure is lowered and whenever arterial pressure exceeds the cuff pressure, blood is able to force its way through the compressed artery. When this first occurs tapping sounds are heard and the pressure at this point is taken as SBP.  As the cuff pressure is lowered still further the sounds become louder, then muffled and then finally disappear. The cessation of sound occurs when blood flow returns to continuous streamline flow, which is Systolic pressure Pulse pressure Diastolic pressure Mean pressure MODULE 5: Blood Vessels & Blood Pressure ISAP 13 Sem 2, 2017 silent. This happens when the external cuff pressure falls below the minimum pressure in the artery (<80mmHg in Figure 5.11).  There are two conventions for measuring DBP, DBP4 and DBP5. DBP4 is the pressure recorded when the sounds become muffled, whilst DBP5 is the pressure recorded when the sounds disappear. DBP4 is thought to more closely approximate the true DBP within the artery, although DBP5 is easier to determine.

36
Q

Did the PR and MAP go up or down upon standing?

A

Both went up

37
Q

Which changed first - PR or MAP?

A

Pulse - compensatory

38
Q

Look at the BP results. Did SBP & DBP change at the same time or did one change before the other?

A

SBP should change first (CO, SV) DBP follows (TPR) as vasoconstriction kicks in

39
Q

What do these SBP and DBP readings tell you about changes in cardiac output and total peripheral resistance in the circulation?

A

SBP is an indicator of CO and is quicker to respond

40
Q
A
41
Q
A
42
Q
A

ISAP (8 decks)

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