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Biopharmaceuticals. > Module #5 - Antivirals > Flashcards

Module #5 - Antivirals Flashcards

1
Q

class 1 pathogens + example

A

no risk/limited risk
can work on an open lab bench in p1 protection

ex. e coli

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2
Q

class 2 pathogens + example

A

moderate risk
somewhat limited access to lab
special laminar fume foods used for protection against airborne versions of virus
p2 protection

ex. herpes virus

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3
Q

class 3 pathogens + example

A

risk of death or serious illness
could be low death rate, but high infection rate
restricted access to lab (special training/certification required)
special equipment required
all liquids/air coming in/out is filtered/treated
everything coming out is autoclaved + incinerated

ex. HIV (aids), Y. pestis (plague), covid

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4
Q

class 4 pathogens and example

A

incredibly infections and dangerous
lab accessed by airlock
special training required
space suit worn, shower going in/out
low pressure in lab
everything filtered/incinerated going in and out

ex. ebola, Marburg, lassa fever, hanta virus, smallpox

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5
Q

general structure of a virus

A

consists of genetic information (DNA or RNA - double or single stranded ) surrounded by a capsid

some viruses carry additional proteins in capsid such as virus proteins or enzymes

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6
Q

what is a capsid made of?

A

proteins

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7
Q

describe viruses that are enveloped

A

capsid surrounded by a membrane that is essentially a remnant of a host cell membrane

contains viral proteins

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8
Q

what is common to all viruses

A

all duplicate genetic information

produce viral protein

typically also interact with host proteins in some way and interfere with the way it operates

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9
Q

what is cytomegalovirus

A

causes respirator diseases in young children

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10
Q

what is papillomavirus

A

causes warts and cervical cancer (CC is an infectious disease caused by virus)

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11
Q

what are difficulties involved with developing antivirals

A

viruses are all unique (so one antiviral can’t be used for multiple viruses)

most viral proteins act by binding to a host protein
-these 2 proteins binding together creates a huge molecule (so hard for small molecule drug to break apart)

viruses have similar symptoms (so difficult to diagnose)

viruses constantly evolving (resistance)

most viral enzymes used to make nucleic acids (and having same substrates as host enzymes makes it hard to selective inhibition)

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12
Q

what is the best target for an antiviral

A

a viral enzyme, ideally not involved in nucleic acid replication

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13
Q

do viruses have a lot of enzymes?

A

no only 1-2 usually (which makes it hard to find good targets)

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14
Q

why are viral enzymes good target

A

because enzymes typically operate on small molecules

therefore a smaller drug can be used

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15
Q

why is using a viral enzyme as a drug target difficult

A

because viruses have very few enzymes (typically use protein protein association instead)

AND most viruses that have enzymes are involved in genetic replication - which is hard because we also have enzymes in body that replicate genetic info
-the shape of viral enzyme is similar to human enzyme (so it is hard to block viral without killing host enzyme)

ISSUE = how to kill virus without killing person

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16
Q

what are three viruses that actually have good antiviral drugs (and what do antiviral drugs aim to do)

A

hepatitis C (cure)
herpes (treat)
HIV (manage)

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17
Q

what are the three main issues with antiviral drugs

A

selectivity = killing virus without killing host (due to enzyme target issues)

diagnosis = viruses produce similar symptoms + drugs are made specifically for single viruses

resistance = very high mutation rates + resistance

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18
Q

what has been the greatest achievement for viruses

A

immunization

19
Q

life cycle of virus

A

virus gets into a cell by sticking to a molecule on the outside of the cell (through nonbonding interactions), then penetrates/absorbs into it

capsid opens and releases genetic info

synthesis of regulatory proteins, RNA/DNA, and structural proteins (virus changes how host cell operates - get it to start doing viral stuff instead of cellular)

assembly of viral particles

viral particles get released from host cell

20
Q

what is involved in absorption/penetration step of viral lifecycle

A

virus binds to protein on outside of host cell + capsid binds directly

if enveloped, envelope fuses with host cell membrane

capsid released into cell

21
Q

is the absorption/penetration state a good drug target?

A

no because binding involved protein-protein interactions (very large therefore large drug required)

22
Q

what occurs with releasing of viral nucleic acid into cell? is this a good target for drugs?

A

involve uncoating of viral nucleic acid
capsid opens and releases genetic info into the cell and into the cytoplasm

bad target because involved protein protein interactions

ph changes also occur which makes it difficult for drugs to interfere

23
Q

what happens in the synthesis of regulatory proteins phase? is it a good target for drugs

A

viral proteins are made and take over normal cell systems
-nucleic acid replication
-expression of viral protein
-suppression of host cell defences (apoptosis)
-binding to host proteins

not good target: involves protein protein interactions

24
Q

what happens in synthesis of RNA/DNA stage? is this a good target for dugs?

A

viral genome replicated using RNA/DNA depending on virus structure

enzyme required for this - therefore this is a good target for drugs because there is an enzyme available and the drug can prevent viral nucleic acid synthesis

25
Q

what occurs in the synthesis of structural proteins stage of virus life cycle? is this a good target for drugs?

A

viral genes used to make viral proteins utilizing the host ribosome to alter the function of the cell

bad target for drugs because ribosome is involved

26
Q

what happens in assembly stage of virus life cycle?

A

capsid proteins self assemble (has nucleic acid on inside and viral proteins on the outside) around viral DNA or viral RNA

unlikely to target drugs (unless viral enzymes are used)

27
Q

what happens in release stage of virus life cycle? can be used as drug target?

A

release from cell: and be budding (cell remains intact and acts as little virus factory) or lytic (is destroyed)

unlikely target unless viral enzymes are used

28
Q

what is the main requirement to use a viral enzyme as drug target? why is this tricky

A

there has to be a viral enzyme to take advantage of that is structurally unrelated to host human cells

important so that drug will target virus - not the human

trick because most viral enzymes involved in nucleic acid replication (which human cells also involved in)

29
Q

describe general characteristics of herpes

A

causes chronic recurrent infections

can escape immune system destruction by hiding in nerve cells

every so often virus is activated, and outbreak occurs in body

30
Q

what are the two types of herpes

A

HSV-1 (common) and HSV-2 (STD version)

31
Q

symptoms of HSV 1

A

cold sores on mouth, nose and eye

80% of population infected, but only 10-20% get outbreaks

virus hides in nerve cells, but things may happen to activate (stress, sunlight)

32
Q

what causes outbreak of HSV 1

A

triggers like sunlight, stress, or immune suppression

virus travels down axons of nerve cells to epithelial cells causing outbreak

33
Q

what type of infection is HSV 1 + characteristics

A

lytic infection

viral activity is short (less than 24 hours), but experience lasts for a week because of overreaction of immune system

drug must be therefore administered quickly

34
Q

what is hsv-2

A

STD version

sores on anus and genitals

15-20% of population

short viral activity - immune system overreacts

drug must be administered quickly

35
Q

structure of herpes virus

A

genetic information is double stranded DNA
lots of genes (more than 70)
has its own polymerase - an enzyme used to make nucleic acid

36
Q

what is the drug target of herpes

A

its own polymerase

37
Q

what are the components of nucleic acid

A

nucleosides (what nucleotides are composed of)

sugars linked to base (2-deoxyribose in DNA or ribose in RNA)

base (heterocycle - ring with atoms that aren’t carbons)

38
Q

describe the alphabet of bases

A

four different bases (ATCG) that are recognized by other molecule due to shape/H bonding pattern

each base recognized as different part of alphabet

39
Q

describe the structure of nucleic acids

A

nucleosides are connected together through phosphate esters to form nucleotides

essentially is a backbone of sugars and phosphates with one base per sugar

40
Q

where is informations stores in nucleic acid strands

A

in the sequence of bases

41
Q

describe types of strands in DNA/RNA and what the function of number of strands is

A

both DNA and RNA can be double or single stranded

42
Q

structure of double stranded nucleic acids

A

the bases on one strand must match up to their corresponding complementary base on the opposite strand in order for two strand to stick together

43
Q

purpose of double stranded nucleic acids

A

stabilizes the molecules
error checking
second strand provides easy way to replicate/read information

44
Q

what is the purpose of polymerases

A

is the

Biopharmaceuticals. (5 decks)

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