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Earth & Life Science (1st & 2nd Grading Period) > Module 5: Bioenergetics (2nd Grading Period) > Flashcards

Module 5: Bioenergetics (2nd Grading Period) Flashcards

1
Q

It is a property that emerges from cellular components, but a collection of those components in the right amounts and proportions is not necessarily alive.

It continues only as long as a continuous flow of energy sustains its organization.

A

Nature of Life

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2
Q

It is the basic unit of life.

It was first observed under a microscope by Antoine Van Leuwenhoek, eventually called “___” by Robert Hooke.

A

Cell

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3
Q

3 Components of Cells:

A
  1. Plasma Membrane
  2. Cytoplasm
  3. DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid
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4
Q

It separates cell contents from the external environment.

It controls exchanges between cell and environment.

A

Plasma Membrane

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5
Q

It is a jelly Like mixture of water, sugars, ions, and proteins with all cellular components inside the cell.

A

Cytoplasm

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6
Q

It is the hereditary material of cells.

A

DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acids

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7
Q

It has No Nucleus.
Bacteria and Archaea.
Single-Celled Organisms.
Smallest and Most Metabolically Diverse Life Forms we know.
Share Basic Structures.

A

Prokaryotic Cells

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8
Q

7 Parts of a Generalized Prokaryotes:

A
  1. Cell Wall
  2. Flagellum
  3. Pili or Pilus
  4. Ribosomes
  5. Plasmids
  6. Capsule
  7. DNA in Nucleoid
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9
Q

Surrounds the plasma membrane.
Made of peptidoglycan (in bacteria) or proteins (in archaea).
Coated with a sticky capsule.

A

Cell Wall

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10
Q

It is used for motion of a cell or molecule.

A

Flagellum

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11
Q

It helps cells move across surfaces.

“Sex” pilus aids in sexual reproduction.

A

Pili

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12
Q

Organelles upon which polypeptides are assembled.
Nucleoid.
Irregularly shaped region of cytoplasm containing single large circular DNA molecule.

A

Ribosomes

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13
Q

Small circles of DNA carrying only a few genes.

A

Plasmids

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14
Q

It contains the cell’s DNA, separating it from potential damage in the cytoplasm.

DNA contained inside nucleus.

Contain many other membrane-enclosed organelles.

Membranes allow organelles to:
- Regulate substances entering and exiting.
- Specialized environment allows organelles to have particular functions.

A

Eukaryotic Cells

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15
Q

Series of interacting organelles between nucleus and plasma membrane.

Makes, modifies, and transports proteins and lipids for secretion or insertion into cell membranes.

Destroys toxins, recycles wastes, and has other specialized functions.

A

Endomembrane System

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16
Q

Two Kinds of Endoplasmic Reticulum:

A
  1. Rough ER (With Ribosomes)
  2. Smooth ER (No Ribosomes)
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17
Q

An extension of the nuclear envelope that forms a continuous, folded compartment.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum

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18
Q

It folds polypeptides into their tertiary form. (With Ribosomes)

A

Rough ER

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19
Q

It makes lipids, breaks down carbohydrates and lipids, and detoxifies poisons.

A

Smooth ER

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20
Q

It is a small, membrane-enclosed saclike organelles that store or transport substances.

A

Vesicles

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21
Q

3 Types of Vesicles:

A
  1. Peroxisomes
  2. Lysosomes
  3. Vacuoles
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22
Q

These are vesicles containing enzymes that break down hydrogen peroxide, alcohol, and other toxins.

A

Peroxisomes

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23
Q

These are vesicles containing enzymes that fuse with vacuoles and digest waste materials.

A

Lysosomes

24
Q

Vesicles with various functions depending on cell type.
Many isolate or dispose of waste, debris, and toxins.

A

Vacuoles

25
Q

Occupies 50 to 90 percent of a cell’s interior.
Stores amino acids, sugars, ions, wastes, toxins.
Fluid pressure keeps plant cells firm.

A

Central Vacuole

26
Q

A folded membrane containing enzymes that finish polypeptides and lipids delivered by the ER.
Packages finished products in vesicles that carry them to the plasma membrane or to lysosomes.

A

Golgi Bodies

27
Q

The Interaction in the Endomembrane System:

A
  1. Vesicles
  2. Rough ER
  3. Smooth ER
  4. Golgi Bodies
28
Q

Eukaryotic organelle that makes the energy molecule ATP through aerobic respiration.

Contains two membranes, forming inner and outer compartments.

Buildup of hydrogen ions in the outer compartment drives ATP synthesis.

Has its own DNA and ribosomes.

Resembles bacteria.

May have evolved from aerobic bacteria.

A

Mitochondria

29
Q

Organelles that function in photosynthesis or storage in plants and algae.

Includes chromoplasts, amyloplasts, and chloroplasts.

A

Plastids

30
Q

Plastids specialized for photosynthesis.

Resemble photosynthetic bacteria.

A

Chloroplasts

31
Q

An interconnected system of many protein filaments – some permanent, some temporary.

Parts of the cytoskeleton reinforce, organize, and move cell structures, or even a whole cell.

A

Cytoskeleton

32
Q

5 Cytoskeletal Elements:

A
  1. Microtubules
  2. Long, Hollow cylinders made for tubulin.
  3. Form dynamic scaffolding for cell processes
  4. Microfilaments
  5. Intermediate Filaments
33
Q

Consist mainly of the globular protein actin.
Make up the cell cortex.

A

Microfilaments

34
Q

Maintain cell and tissue structures.

A

Intermediate Filaments

35
Q

Accessory proteins that move molecules through cells on tracks of microtubules and microfilaments.

A

Motor Proteins

36
Q

These are usually short, hairlike structures that move in waves.

A

Cilia

37
Q

These are long whiplike structures.

A

Flagella

38
Q

___ or “___”.
Temporary, irregular lobes formed by amoebas and some other eukaryotic cells.

Bulge outward to move the cell or engulf prey.

Elongating microfilaments force the lobe to advance in a steady direction.

Motor proteins attached to microfilaments drag the plasma membrane along with them.

A

Pseudopods or False Feet

39
Q

Many cells secrete materials that form a covering or matrix outside their plasma membrane.
Extracellular matrix (ECM).

A nonliving, complex mixture of fibrous proteins and polysaccharides secreted by and surrounding cells.

Structure and function varies with the type of tissue.

A

Cell Surface Specialization

40
Q

Primary cell wall.

A thin, pliable wall formed by secretion of cellulose into the coating around young plant cells.

Secondary cell wall.

A strong wall composed of lignin, formed in some plant stems and roots after maturity.

A

Eukaryotic Cell Walls

41
Q

A type of ECM secreted by cells at a body surface.

Plant cuticles consist of waxes and proteins, and help plants retain water and fend off insects.

Cuticles of crabs, spiders, and other arthropods are mainly chitin, a polysaccharide.

A

Cuticle

42
Q

Allow cells to interact with each other and the environment.

A

Cell Junctions

43
Q

In plants, ___ extends through cell walls to connect the cytoplasm of two cells.

A

Plasmodesmata

44
Q

3 Types of Animal Cell Junctions:

A
  1. Tight Junctions
  2. Adgering or Adherens Junctions or Desmosomes
  3. Gap Junctions
45
Q

Fasten together plasma membranes of adjacent cells.

A

Tight Junctions

46
Q

Fasten cells to one another and to the basement membrane.

A

Adhering / Adherens Junctions or Desmosomes

47
Q

Closable channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjoining animal cells.

A

Gap Junctions

48
Q

The aerobic process by which living cells break down glucose molecules, release energy, and form molecules of ATP.
Overall, this three-stage process involves glucose and oxygen reacting to form carbon dioxide and water.

A

Cellular Respiration

49
Q

The 4 Stages of Cellular Respiration:

A
  1. Glycolysis
  2. Pyruvate Oxidation
  3. Citric Acids or Krebs Cycle
  4. Oxidative Phosphorylation
50
Q

The first stage of cellular respiration is glycolysis.
It takes place in the cytosol of the cytoplasm.

A

Glycolysis

51
Q

What is the meaning of Glycolysis?

A

Splitting Glucose

52
Q

In eukaryotic cells, the pyruvate molecules produced at the end of glycolysis are transported into mitochondria, which are sites of cellular respiration.

If oxygen is available, aerobic respiration will go forward.

In mitochondria, pyruvate will be transformed into a two-carbon acetyl group (by removing a molecule of carbon dioxide) that will be picked up by a carrier compound called coenzyme A (CoA), which is made from vitamin B5.

The resulting compound is called acetyl CoA.

Acetyl CoA can be used in a variety of ways by the cell, but its major function is to deliver the acetyl group derived from pyruvate to the next pathway in glucose catabolism.

A

Citric Acid Cycle

53
Q

Recall that glycolysis produces two molecules of pyruvate (pyruvic acid).

These molecules enter the matrix of a mitochondrion, where they start the Krebs cycle.

The reactions that occur next are shown in the following figure.

A

The Krebs Cycle

54
Q

It is the final stage of aerobic cellular respiration.

A

Oxidative Phosphorylation

55
Q

Two Subdatges of Oxidative Phosphorylation:

A
  1. Electron Transport Chain
  2. Chemiosmosis
56
Q

During this stage, high-energy electrons are released from NADH and FADH2, and they move along electron-transport chains on the inner membrane of the mitochondrion.

An electron-transport chain is a series of molecules that transfer electrons from molecule to molecule by chemical reactions.

Some of the energy from the electrons is used to pump hydrogen ions (H+) across the inner membrane, from the matrix into the intermembrane space.

This ion transfer creates an electrochemical gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP.

A

Electron Transport Chain

57
Q

The pumping of hydrogen ions across the inner membrane creates a greater concentration of the ions in the intermembrane space than in the matrix.
This gradient causes the ions to flow back across the membrane into the matrix, where their concentration is lower.

The ATP synthase acts as a channel protein, helping the hydrogen ions across the membrane.

It also acts as an enzyme, forming ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate in a process called oxidative phosphorylation.

The flow of hydrogen ions through ATP synthase gives energy for ATP synthesis.

After passing through the electron-transport chain, the “spent” electrons combine with oxygen to form water.

A

Chemiosmosis

Earth & Life Science (1st & 2nd Grading Period) (6 decks)

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