module 5 biology

Question 1

osmoconformers

Answer 1

do not attempt to regulate internal concentration of solutes and water, it is just the same as their surroundings

Question 1

osmoregulators

Answer 1

have set points for fluid levels and solute concentration, regulation of this is an important part of homeostasis, how they do it depends on environment

Question 2

marine fishes

Answer 2

live in saltwater (hyperosmotic environment), must get rid of electrolytes, must retain water

Question 3

freshwater fishes

Answer 3

live in hypo osmotic environment, must get rid of water, retain electrolytes

Question 4

land animals

Answer 4

consume water by eating or drinking, regulate fluid and electrolyte levels

Question 5

minimize water loss (insects)

Answer 5

exoskeleton has 3 components (cuticle) 1. chitin (N containing polysaccharide) 2. protein 3. wax

Question 6

opening to tracheal system is regulated by muscles at

Answer 6

spiracles

Question 7

regulation of fluid and electrolyte levels

Answer 7

• malpighian tubes
• large surface area
• in contact with hemolymph (blood of insect) and hind gut
• forms filtrate that goes to hind gut to be excreted

Question 8

formation of filtrate

Answer 8

• epithelial cells transport K+ out of hemolymph and into filtrate
• water follows
• other electrolytes and waste diffuse down the gradient in tubules
• modifications occur to filtrate depending on level of hydration

Question 9

kidneys (2)

Answer 9

• filter blood, regulate fluid/ electrolyte levels
• removes toxins and waste -> produce urine

Question 10

ureters (2)

Answer 10

carry urine to bladder

Question 11

bladder

Answer 11

stores urine

Question 12

urethra

Answer 12

empty urine

Question 13

anatomy of kidney

Answer 13

-hillus
-cortex
-medulla

Question 14

hillus

Answer 14

concave region, blood vessels enter and exit, ureter drains kidneys

Question 15

cortex

Answer 15

inner portion

Question 16

medulla

Answer 16

outer portion

Question 17

small functional units of the kidneys

Answer 17

nephron

Question 18

renal corpuscle

Answer 18

site of filtration
- glomerulus: capillary network under pressure
- Bowmans capsule: receives filtered fluid (filtrate)

Question 19

filtrate consists of

Answer 19

• K+
• Cl-
• H2O
• glucose
• urea
• vitamins
• waste

Question 20

renal tubules

Answer 20

• proximal consulted tubule (PCT)
• loop of henle (LOH) (descending and ascending)
• distal convulted tubule (DCT)
• collecting duct (CD) (receives waste from DCT)

Question 21

peritubular capillaries

Answer 21

surround the entire renal tubule

Question 22

vasa recta

Answer 22

blood vessels closely associated with loop of henle

Question 23

major functions of nephron

Answer 23

filtration
reabsorption
secretion

Question 24

filtration of nephron

Answer 24

- fluid solutes that leave the glomerulus and enter Bowmans capsule as filtrate - filtration membrane consists of endothelial cells that have pores to allow solutes through - filtration membrane also consists of podocytes that are the cells of Bowmans capsule that wrap around the endothelial cells

Question 25

reabsorption of nephron

Answer 25

solutes leave filtrate and enter the peritubular capillaries (most occurs in the PCT)(keep in body)

Question 26

secretion of the nephron

Answer 26

solutes leave the peritubular capillaries and enter the filtrate (second chance to get any other waste out)

Question 27

basics of urine (concentrated or dilute)

Answer 27

he filtrate produced in the renal corpuscle has the same osmotic concentration as the plasma (300 mOsm/L) (filtrate and ISF are isotonic) -Solutes and water are removed from the PCT (volume of filtrate decreases, filtrate and ISF are isotonic) -H2O is reabsorbed from the descending LOH (filtrate and and ISF are isotonic) -Thick ascending limp of LOH is impermeable to H2O and solutes (Na+ and Cl- are actively transported out of the filtrate)(Filtrate is hypotonic in ascending limb of the LOH and DCT) -If ADH is present, H2O can be reabsorbed doom the DCT and the CD producing CONCENTRATED urine 1200 mOsm/L -if not exposed to ADH, urine is dilute 65 mOsm/L

Question 28

formation of concentrated urine

Answer 28

-advantage during exercise and dehydration -the process is dependent upon 1. osmotic gradient 2. counter current flow 3. different absorption properties 4. secretion of ADH -secretion of aldosterone -yellow urine

Question 29

formation of dilute urine

Answer 29

- lack of ADH - the DCT and the CD are impermeable to H2O -results in dilute urine 65mOsm/L -lack of aldosterone -Na remains in the filtrate and is excreted -clear urine

Question 30

gas exchange

Answer 30

- diffusion across body surface - gills - insects - vertebrate lungs - bird lung

Question 31

diffusion across body surface

Answer 31

- simplest - must be small organism - surface must be kept moist

Question 32

gills

Answer 32

-special structures the project into water used for gas exchange -can be external or internal and must move water continuously over them -gills of bony fishes are similar -organized into gill filaments and gill lamellae -fill is very efficient due to countercurrent flow mechanism -blood flows in opposite direction of water

Question 33

insects

Answer 33

-tracheal system: complex network of tubes that allow for direct diffusion of air in tissue -contraction of surrounding flight muscles helps move air in and out of system

Question 34

vertebrate lungs

Answer 34

Nose->pharynx->larynx->trachea->bronchi->bronchioles->alveoli -alveoli (site of gas exchange) -airflow created by breathing muscles (diaphragm and external intercostals) -inspiration (increase volume of thoracic cavity, pressure goes down) -exhalation- passive force that relaxes breathing muscles

Question 35

bird lung

Answer 35

- undirectional airflow, more efficient - gas exchange often occurs during exhalation

Question 36

blood is important for

Answer 36

- transportation: nutrients, hormones, gases and wastes are all transported through blood - protection: blood contains white blood cells that provide protection against foreign invaders, blood also contains platelets that allow for clotting to occur - regulation: pH- 7.35-7.45, osmolarity of tissues, temperature regulation

Question 37

composition of blood

Answer 37

- plasma - formed elements