module 5 - equilibriums and acid reactions Flashcards
(28 cards)
chemical equilibrium
a state where the concentrations of reactions and products stay approximately constant
what are the two kinds of chemical equilibriums?
static and dynamic equilibriums
static equilibriums
the reaction has finished, no moving and nothing is happening, forwards and backwards isn’t changing = zero
e.g burning magnesium, for example, there is no more magnesium left to burn
static equilibriums
the reaction has finished, no moving and nothing is happening, forwards and backwards isn’t changing = zero
e.g burning magnesium, for example, there is no more magnesium left to burn
dynamic equilibriums
the reagents are still interacting and the particles are moving backwards and forward, at the same rate
never reaches completion, unlike static equilibrium
what are the three types of systems?
-isolated systems
-closed systems
-open systems
isolated systems
no energy and matter can enter or leave - my words
“An isolated system is one that cannot exchange either matter or energy with its surroundings”
closed systems
no exchange in matter
however, only energy can leave or enter the system
if u leave a cold water out in the sun, the ice water will melt, given that energy has been entering that system
open systems
there is an exchange of energy and matter
-energy can go enter and leave
-matter can go enter and leave
e.g a water bottle without a cap
enthalpy
measurement of heat
-denoted by H
-measures the internal energy of thermodynamics system under constant pressures
entropy
measurement of “chaos”
-denoted by S
-gases since their particles have a wide spread out, they have a high entropy
-measure of level disorder in a thermodynamic system
what are the three conditions to the collision theory?
-actual collisions
-activation energy
-molcular orientation
actual collisions
reactants particles need to collide in the first place
activation energy
reactants with enough energy to break bonds and form other bonds
molecular orientation
the way that reactants are arranged
if not correctly arranged, it’s not gonna stick together to make the product from the reaction
what are the factors of collision theory?
-temperature
-surface area
-concentration
-catalysts
temperature (collision theory)
-as temperature increases, the rate of the reaction also increases
-high temperatures increase the frequency of collisions with energy greater than the activation energy
surface area (collision theory)
referring to solids, pressure/gas
-when we increase the surface area, there is a greater area for reactants react
-causing more collisions and thus increase the rate of the reaction
catalysts (collision theory)
they do not participate in the reaction, they are chemical substances
-increase the rate of reaction, in general
concentration (collision theory)
refers to liquids
-the higher the concentration of reactants, the higher the rate of the reaction
-this occurs as there are more particles so there are more chance of collisions and thus a higher the collision frequency
what is concentration of a liquid?
concentration is the measure of how much of a given substance there is mixed with another substance
what makes a reaction reversible?
both forward and reverse reactions have relatively low activation energies
what factors affect equilibrium and how?
LCP predicts and collision theory explains HOW
what is Le Chatelier’s principle?
“when a system at equilibrium undergoes a change, the equilibriums will shift to favour the reaction which minimises the initial charge”
-LCP does NOT like change so they want to get rid of the changes to achieve chemical equilibrium
-used to predict
