module 5-livestock production and water

Question 1

how many people in the world live without clean drinking water

Answer 1

1.1 billion people

Question 2

how many people in the world lack proper sanitation

Answer 2

2.6 billion people

Question 3

how many people die a year from diarrhea-related diseases

Answer 3

1.8 million people

Question 4

how many children die a day from waterborne disease

Answer 4

3,900 kids die a day

Question 5

why do we have a water crises

Answer 5

not because we too little but because we have a crisis of managing it millions of people and the environment suffer

Question 6

why is it bad to use an excessive amount of water to irrigate the soil and for animals

Answer 6

Excessive use of water through irrigation of crops to support livestock can reduce or deplete available surface and groundwater sources and cause secondary salinization of soil, surface water, and groundwater

Question 7

how does over-fertilization of soil negatively impact our water

Answer 7

Nutrient over-enrichment resulting from fertilizer run-off can eutrophy bodies of water creating dead zone

Question 8

how does Sediment runoff from arable land negatively impact our waters

Answer 8

it also contributes to eutrophication and can transport herbicides and pesticides into water bodies; increased sediment in water basins can alter the quality of the water and the microenvironment supporting native species

Question 9

how can agriculture ruin riparian zones, wildlife be disrupted, and groundwater and surface water be contaminated

Answer 9

Wildlife habitat can be lost as wetlands are drained for crop production and riparian zones are converted into rangeland. Intensive agriculture with its dense livestock populations can contaminate ground and surface water with pathogens.

Question 10

how is eutrophication defined

Answer 10

as an enrichment of water by nutrient salts that causes changes to the ecosystem

Question 11

what are the initial effects of eutrophication

Answer 11

The initial effects of eutrophication are excessive growth of phytoplankton, microalgae, and macroalgae

Question 12

why is an algal bloom such a bad thing in the water

Answer 12

The resulting algal blooms can destroy aquatic life and deplete the oxygen available for other life forms ultimately creating aquatic and marine dead zones

Question 13

where does eutrophication affect half the lakes

Answer 13

in Asia, Europe, and North America

Question 14

how many percent of the lakes are affected by eutrophication in South America

Answer 14

40%

Question 15

how many percent of lakes are affected by eutrophication are affected by the lakes in Africa

Answer 15

30%

Question 16

how can livestock manure contaminate water

Answer 16

Pathogens from livestock manure can contaminate water supplies for humans as grazing animals defecate in the water supply or if pathogens from manure storage facilities leach into the water supply or if the pathogens contained in manure spread over the soil leach into the water supply

Question 17

what pathogens can be found in animal fecal matter

Answer 17

Pathogens sourced from livestock include the bacteria E. coli, Salmonella species, and Campylobacter species as well as the protozoa Giardia and Cryptosporidium species

Question 18

in easter USA how much bacteria do livestock account for in rivers compared to humans and wildlife

Answer 18

livestock account for 10% of bacteria found in the water and humans and wildlife accounted for around 20-25%

Question 19

what are riparian zones

Answer 19

Riparian zones are areas adjacent to bodies of water consisting of lush vegetation

Question 20

why do cows like riparian zones

Answer 20

They are generally more productive than upland areas and can provide good sources of forage for livestock

Question 21

what things house in riparian areas

Answer 21

Wildlife, fish and other aquatic organisms make their homes in or otherwise, utilize riparian areas

Question 22

how are riparian zones supported

Answer 22

The roots of resident trees, shrubs, and grasses in riparian zones limit soil erosion and stabilize stream banks

Question 23

what kind of regulating services do riparian zones provide

Answer 23

The riparian zones help to control flooding in the immediate area and increase groundwater recharge by providing a flood plain to accumulate water when streams overflow their banks; they reduce downstream flooding by trapping sediment and reducing water flow rates.

Question 24

how is a healthy riparian zone characterized

Answer 24

its characterized by abundant vegetation overhanging the banks of clear flowing water moving through a deep channel that is narrower at the surface than at the base

Question 25

how do riparian zones benefit cattle and how do they impact it

Answer 25

Riparian areas can provide drinking water, forage, and shade for livestock; however, cattle will tend to overuse riparian areas resulting in severe environmental damage

Question 26

how do cattle damage riparian zones

Answer 26

Cattle overuse can erode the stream banks causing cave-ins and widening of the stream channel and destroying trees and shrubs beyond their potential for regeneration.

Question 27

how does the destruction of riparian zones by cattle impact the other things livings habitat

Answer 27

The destruction of trees and shrubs causes habitat loss for birds and other wildlife and the loss of shade along the banks of the stream can result in an increase in water temperature destroying fish habitat

Question 28

what causes eutrophication

Answer 28

results from the disparity in soil phosphorus necessary to support plant growth (0.2 to 0.3 ppm) and the lake water level that accelerates eutrophication (>0.02 ppm)

Question 29

what are simple practices to reduce eutrophication

Answer 29

it is important to control the amount of phosphorus applied to cropland and to minimize phosphorus losses to limit eutrophication

Question 30

how much P fertilizer is realized as output in crop and animal products

Answer 30

On average, only 30% of the fertilizer and feed phosphorus input to farming systems is realized as output in crops and animal products

Question 31

if only 30% of P input into farming is realized as an output what happens to the rest

Answer 31

The difference remains in the environment and often works its way into the watershed

Question 32

what are big sources of P

Answer 32

Chemical fertilizers, ammonia, ammonium nitrate, and urea, and manure are significant sources of phosphorus

Question 33

in manure fertilizers why is there such an excess of phosphorus to meet nitrogen requirement

Answer 33

Manure typically has low nitrogen:phosphorus ratio and the application of sufficient manure to meet the nitrogen needs of the crops results in an excess of phosphorus

Question 34

how is P supplemented to livestock

Answer 34

Phosphorus is supplemented in livestock diets in the form of dicalcium phosphate, monocalcium phosphate, defluorinated rock phosphate, or oyster shells

Question 35

why is P supplemented into livestock diet

Answer 35

because much of the phosphate present in cereal grains and oilseed meals is organically bound as phytic acid or phytate and is not available to non-ruminants

Question 36

what accounts for 42% of the N and 90% of the P flowing into the south china sea

Answer 36

Pig production in China, Thailand, and Viet Nam accounts for 42 percent of the nitrogen and 90 percent of the phosphorus flowing into the South China Sea

Question 37

what causes eutrophication in water

Answer 37

Phosphrous