Module 5: Neoplasia

Question 1

Difference between tumour and cancer

Answer 1

tumour is a new growth

cancer a type of tumour that usually grows fairly rapidly

Question 2

Benign tumours

Answer 2

crow slowly
relatively localised
surrounded by a capsule

Question 3

Malignant tumours

Answer 3

cancerous
consist of different cell and tissue structures
grow more rapidly than benign tumours
invade surrounding tissues and metastise

Question 4

Carcinomas

Answer 4

arise from epithelial tissue- ie breast or gastric cancer

account for 80-90 percent of all cancers

Question 5

aenocarcinomas

Answer 5

arrise from glandular epithelium (lung adrenocarcinoma)

Question 6

Where do caners arise from

Answer 6

genes

may be triggered by the genes themselves, or by external factors such as the environment

Question 7

can cancer cells avoid apoptosis

Answer 7

yes

Question 8

what do oncogenes and tumour-supressor genes do?

Answer 8

oncogenes; promote the development of cancer

tumour-supressor genes; limit the development of cancer

Question 9

in regards to cancer what is autonomy and anaplasia

Answer 9

autonomy: ability of cancer to avoid cell controls such as apoptosis
anaplasia is the loss of normal functioning of the cell

Question 10

cancers can stimulate angiogenesis which

Answer 10

accomodaes the increased metabolic needs of the growth

Question 11

how do cancers metastise

Answer 11

through blood vessels of the lymphatic system

Question 12

what can the immune system do in regards to cancer

Answer 12

remove very early stages of cancer in teh form of small numbers or isolated cells

Question 13

chronic inflammation contributes to the development of cancer true or false. if so what cells are involved?

Answer 13

true.

inflammatory cells, cytokines, vascular growth factors

Question 14

what are the main viral causes of cancer (3)

Answer 14

hep B and C

human papilloma virus

Question 15

what western dietary factors are associated with increased development of cancer

Answer 15

high fat and low fibre intake

Question 16

The TNM system of staging cancers

Answer 16

T- tumour size
N- lymph node involvement
M- metastases

Question 17

Clinical manifestations of cancer

Answer 17

fatigue
infection
anaemia
thromocytopenia
pain
cachexia (severe muscle wasting)

Question 18

List the cancer treatments (7)

Answer 18

chemotherapy
combination therapy
adjuvant chemotherapy
hormonal therapy
immunotherapy
radiation therapy
complementary and alternative treatments

Question 19

Describe chemotherapy

Answer 19

is the use of drugs that interfere with cellular processes usually associated with cell division to destroy cancer cells

Question 20

combination therapy

Answer 20

involves using more than one chemo agent at the same time

Question 21

adjuvant chemotherapy

Answer 21

involves using drugs after another treatment such as surgical removal. use of more than one cancer treatment method usually has more promising results.

Question 22

hormonal therapy

Answer 22

is the use of drugs that interact with hormones and their receptors involved in the hormone-dependent cancers

Question 23

immunotherapy

Answer 23

involves the immune system rejecting the cancer

Question 24

radiation therapy

Answer 24

can eliminate cancer cells of weaken them to be more vulnerable to destruction by another method

Question 25

Side effects of treatment

Answer 25

they usually occur becuase cancer treatments can harm normal cells as wel as the cancer
gastrointestinal- profound nausea and vomiting, as well as oral ulcers and diarrhoea

bone marrow supression may result from chemotherapy and radiation therapy

alopecia and decreased fertility may occur

Question 26

Define adrenocarcinomas

Answer 26

cancers arising from ductal or glandular epithelium

Question 27

adjuvant chemo

Answer 27

refers to the use of drugs after local treatment or removal of the primary tumour

Question 28

benign tumours

Answer 28

well encapsulated cells and tussues appear normal in sturucture

Question 29

biopst

Answer 29

tissue can be obtained by diverse means including brushings, fine needle aspiration, core needle or open biopsys that sample a small part of a mass or complete excision of a mass

Question 30

cachexia

Answer 30

severe tissue wasting and emaciation

Question 31

cancer

Answer 31

proliferation of cells

Question 32

carcinomas

Answer 32

cancers arising from epithelial tissue

Question 33

neoplasm

Answer 33

an abnormal growth that may be benign or malignant

Question 34

therapeutic index

Answer 34

the relative effective dose needed to kill cancer cells as copared to the dose that would be harmful to normal cells

Question 35

thromocytopenia

Answer 35

is a low platelet count and is a major cause of hemorrhage in persons with cancer

Question 36

tumour markers

Answer 36

substances produced by cancer cells that are detectable in the blood, spinal fluid or urine.