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BIOM1051 > Module 5: Part I Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Module 5: Part I Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Cells constantly exchange … and … for CO2 and waste.

A

O2 and nutrients

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2
Q

How long would it take an oxygen molecule to diffuse a distance of 1cm?

A

3 hours

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3
Q

What are the two types of circulatory systems?

A

Open and closed.

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4
Q

Which type of circulatory system has hemolymph?

A

An open circulatory system

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5
Q

Which type of circulatory system has interstitial fluid?

A

A closed circulatory system

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6
Q

What are some advantages of an open circulatory system?

A

simple, easy to maintain, less energy/lower pressures

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7
Q

What are some advantages of a closed circulatory system?

A

higher pressures = increased efficiency for meeting high metabolic demand

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8
Q

What is the difference between an amphibians double circulation and a mammals double circulation?

A

An amphibian’s double circulation shares one ventricle between both sides of the heart. A mammals has one individual ventricle for each side of the heart.

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9
Q

What is the formula for cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output:
Heart Rate x Stroke Volume

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10
Q

What happens in the systole phase of the heartbeat?

A

contraction/pumping

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11
Q

What happens in the diastole phase of the heartbeat?

A

relaxation/filling

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12
Q

What happens in phase 1 of a heartbeat?

A

Atrioventricular valves undergo diastole (open and fill)

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13
Q

What happens in phase 2 of a heartbeat?

A

Atrial systole; ventricular diastole

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14
Q

What happens in phase 3 of a heartbeat?

A

Atrioventricular values close
Semilunar values open
Ventricular systole; atrial diastole

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15
Q

T or F
Some cardiac muscle cells are self-excitable.

A

T

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16
Q

What is special about pacemaker cells in the heart?

A

They can generate their own action potentials and spread that action potential to non-pacemaker cells.

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17
Q

Cardiac pacemaker cells are mostly found in the …

A

sinoatrial (SA) node

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18
Q

T or F
The sinoatrial (SA) node sets the rate and timing at which all
cardiac muscle cells contract.

A

T

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19
Q

Impulses from the sinoatrial (SA) node travel to the …

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

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20
Q

at the … node, impulses are delayed.

A

atrioventricular (AV) node

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21
Q

After travelling to the atrioventricular node where do signals go?

A

to the Purkinje fibers

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22
Q

What do Purkinje fibers do?

A

make the ventricles contract.

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23
Q

… and … nervous systems act in concert to regulate heart rate.

A

Parasympathetic and sympathetic

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24
Q

T or F
Hormones secreted into the blood cannot influence the rate of heart contraction.

A

F

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25
T or F Body temperature is another input that regulates heart rate.
T
26
All blood vessels... and ...
Are built of similar tissues, have three similar layers
27
Where does the critical exchange of substances between the blood and interstitial fluid occur?
across the thin endothelial walls of the capillaries
28
T or F Plasma proteins generally cannot cross the capillary wall.
T
29
Exchangeable proteins are moved across capillary walls by ....
vesicular transport
30
T or F At the venule end of a capillary, osmotic pressure is less than blood pressure
F vice versa.
31
T or F Capillaries in major organs are usually filled to capacity.
T
32
Explain the two mechanisms that regulate the distribution of blood in capillary beds.
1. Contraction of the smooth muscle layer in the wall of an arteriole constricts the vessel. 2. Precapillary sphincters control the flow of blood between arterioles and venules.
33
T or F The velocity of blood flow is the same across the circulatory system.
F It differs across the system.
34
Blood flow velocity is the slowest in the...
capillary beds.
35
Why is blood flow velocity slowest in the capillary beds?
as a result of the high resistance and large total cross-sectional area.
36
Define blood pressure.
Is the hydrostatic pressure that blood exerts against the wall of a vessel.
37
Define systolic pressure.
the pressure in the arteries during ventricular systole.
38
T or F Systolic pressure is the highest pressure in the arteries.
T
39
Define diastolic pressure.
the pressure in the arteries during diastole.
40
T or F Diastolic pressure is higher than systolic pressure.
F it is lower.
41
T or F Blood pressure is determined partly by cardiac output.
T
42
Does vasodilation cause an increase or decrease in blood pressure?
decrease
43
...% of fluid leaving the capillaries re-enters due to osmotic pressure.
85%
44
What happens to fluid leaving the capillaries that does not return via osmotic pressure?
The remaining fluid is returned to the blood via the lymphatic system.
45
Lymphatic vessels return ... to the blood via two large ducts that drain into veins near the ...
lymph shoulders
46
Lymph nodes are filled with masses of ... cells.
defense
47
T or F Blood consists of several kinds of cells.
T
48
Cellular elements occupy about ...% of the volume of blood.
45%
49
...% of whole blood consists of plasma
55%
50
Platelets and white blood cells make up ...% of whole blood.
1%
51
Name the 5 leukocytes
Basophil, Neutrophil, eosinophil, lymphocyte and monocyte.
52
Erythrocytes have a lifespan of .. to ... months
3-4
53
What are the two types of lymphocytes?
T cells and B cells
54
Which organ produces erythropoietin?
Kidney
55
Erythrocytes develop in ....
bone marrow
56
What is blood doping?
Blood doping is the process of increasing the number of erythrocytes in the blood to enhance athletic performance
57
What are the dangers of blood doping?
- Infection - Increased HCT/viscosity - ? Heart failure
58
What purpose do erythrocytes serve?
They increase the O2 carrying capacity of the blood.
59
When is a platelet plug formed?
When the endothelium of a blood vessel is damaged.
60
A platelet plug will become a ....
Fibrin clot
61
List some factors that can affect blood clotting.
Platelets Damaged cells Plasma (factors including calcium and vitamin K)
62
T or F Cardiovascular diseases are the number one cause of death globally and in Australia
T
63
... serves as a linking molecule between platelets forming a platelet plug.
Fibrinogen
64
Which organ produces fibrinogen?
The liver
65
... turns fibrinogen into fibrin.
Thrombin
66
... is transformed into thrombin by prothrombinase
Prothrombin
67
What is Atherosclerosis?
the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls.
68
What is a heart attack?
the death of cardiac muscle tissue resulting from blockage of one or more coronary arteries.
69
What is a stroke?
the death of nervous tissue in the brain, usually resulting from rupture or blockage of arteries in the head.
70
Voice sounds are produced by the...
larynx
71
The primary functions of the _____ are to warm, filter, and humidify air.
nasal cavity
72
In negative pressure breathing, inhalation results from...
contracting the diaphragm.
73
Diffusion rate is proportional to...
the square of the distance molecules/ions travel.
74
Air rushes into the lungs of humans during inhalation because...
the rib muscles and diaphragm contract, increasing the lung volume.
75
The Bohr shift on the oxygen-haemoglobin dissociation curve is produced by changes in ...
pH

BIOM1051 (5 decks)

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