Module 5 - Protein

Question 1

What is Protein

Answer 1

1. Component of every living cell
2. all proteins are made up of amino acids
3. every AA contains Nitrogen

Question 2

Peptide bonds

Answer 2

Covalent bond that links AA together to form a protein

Question 3

Dipeptide

Answer 3

2 amino acids coming together
Water is released

Question 4

Tripeptide

Answer 4

Bonds have 2 peptide bonds

Question 5

Primary structure

Answer 5

Linear order of AA

Question 6

Secondary Structure

Answer 6

Local spatial arrangement of polypeptide backbone.

Question 7

Tertiary Structure

Answer 7

Final 3D shape of protein.

Question 8

What happens to protein when it undergoes ‘denaturation’

Answer 8

Protein denature means (destroying 3D shape) but doesnt break any peptide bonds.
example/ protein hitting stomach acid.

Question 9

Red Blood Cell Vs Sickle Cell anemia

Answer 9

PolyPeptide
Normal: Normal
Sickle: Altered
Hemoglobin Shape
Normal: Normal
Sickle: Altered
Hemoglobin Arrangement
Normal: Individual Molecules
Sickle: Long chains of Molecules
Red Blood Cell shape
Normal: Disc
Sickle: Sickle

Question 10

Sickle Cell

Answer 10

Happens when there is reduced oxygen carrying capacity

Question 11

Proteins that regulate “body processes”

Answer 11

Some Hormones
- Insulin, Glucagon
Enzymes
- Lipase, Amylase, Trypsin
Neurotransmitters
- Serotonin

Question 12

Proteins that help Transportation substances throughout

Answer 12

Hemoglobin - Transports oxygen
Transferrin - Blood transport proteins for iron.

Question 13

Proteins that work as apart of immune defence

Answer 13

Antibodies - proteins with sugar groups attached to them

Question 14

Proteins that growth and repair tissues

Answer 14

Muscle Protein:
a) Actin/Myosin
b) Collagen
Normal turnover (breakdown + Replacement)

Question 15

How does Stomach help in protein digestion

Answer 15

1. HCL Denatures proteins
2. Protein begins digestion in stomach –> PEPSIN enzyme lives in stomach to break down peptide bonds.

Question 16

how does Pancreas help in protein digestion

Answer 16

Produces 2 enzymes Trypsinogen, Chytrypsinogen
Pre enzymes

Question 17

How does Small Intestine help in protein digestion

Answer 17

1. Peptides enter
2. Intestinal cells produce Enterokinase (Active enzyme)
3. Pancreas produces Trypsinogen, Chytrypsinogen
4. Enterokinase turns trypsinogen to trypsin which turns it into active enzyme
5. Chymotrypsinogen gets turned into chymotrypsin by trypsin enzyme
6. Then broken down into individual AA
7. Amino Acids go to portal system (blood)

Question 18

Amino acid Metabolism

Answer 18

AA in blood system which heads to liver first
1. Synthesis of AA –> Required body proteins
2. Convert AA –> Glucose
3. AA used directly by liver for energy (4kcal/g)
4. Converted to fat.

Question 19

What does HCL do in protein digestion

Answer 19

Denatures Proteins

Question 20

What does Pepsin do in protein digestion

Answer 20

Enzyme that lives in stomach and breaks down peptide bonds.

Question 21

What does Trypsin do in protein digestion

Answer 21

Turns Chymotrypsinogen to chymotrypsin

Question 22

What does Chymotrypsin do in protein digestion

Answer 22

Breaks down the proteins into indivdual amino acids

Question 23

Various ways AA enter liver from portal vein.

Answer 23

Bloodstream
Diet (exogenous)
Tissue Breakdown (endogenous)

Question 24

Explain the difference between complete and incomplete dietary proteins sources

Answer 24

Complete proteins contain all nine essential AA
Incomplete Proteins contain some but not all 9 AA

Question 25

Example of Complete proteins

Answer 25

Meat Poultry Eggs Fish Diary

Question 26

Examples of incomplete protein foods

Answer 26

Nuts Legumes Grains Veggies

Question 27

9 Essential Amino Acids

Answer 27

PVT TIM HLL Phenylalanine Valine Threonine Tryptophan Isoleucine Methionine Histidine Leucine Lysine

Question 28

Limiting amino acids

Answer 28

Amino acids in shortest supply relative to body requirements for absorbed AA

Question 29

Health Benefits of a plant-centred diet.

Answer 29

Lower body weight reduce incidence of obesity and other chronic diseases such as diabetes, cancer and cardiovascular disease.

Question 30

Design a Vegan Meal

Answer 30

Rice & Beans Rice & Lentils Bread & PB Tofu and Cashew Bean burrito

Question 31

Poorly-Planned vegan diet concerns

Answer 31

Protein Deficiencies Vitamin B12 deficiency

Question 32

3 examples of a person in a negative balance

Answer 32

Losing body weight Disease Inactivity

Question 33

3 examples of a person in a positive balance

Answer 33

Gaining weight Repair (broken leg) Athlete activity

Question 34

How do figure out How much protein needed DRI values

Answer 34

lbs/ 2.2 = weight in kg weight in kg x 0.8 = amount of protein a day

Question 35

Protein requirement needed for Non-Athlete, Endurance Athlete, Power Athlete

Answer 35

Non-Athelete is 0.8 Endurance is 1.2-1.4 Power is 1.2-1.7

Question 36

Potential Risks of taking single amino acid supplements

Answer 36

GI Tract - If we take in to much AA we start losing Trp, Tyr, Phe essential AA Brain - Trp turns into serotonin Becomes AA imbalance

Question 37

Is too much protein bad?

Answer 37

1. Increase calorie intake 2. High protein foods often high in fat 3. Calcium loss in urine increases 4. Damages Kidneys If you are type 2 diabetes