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Year 2 OCR A-Level Biology > Module 5 - respiration, ATP production > Flashcards

Module 5 - respiration, ATP production Flashcards

-Glycolysis -Link reaction -Krebs cycle -Oxidative phosphorylation

1
Q

why do organisms need energy? 7

A

-photosynthesis
-movement, muscle contractions
-organelle movement
-metabolic process
-DNA replication
-bulk movement
-activation

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2
Q

what does MAMBA stand for (what ATP is used for)

A

M ovement
A ctive transport
M etabolism
B ulk movement
A ctivation

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3
Q

what’s ATP full scientific name

A

Adenosine Triphosphate

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4
Q

what is ATP made up of (3/4)

A

adenine
ribose
3 phosphates
(high energy bonds)

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5
Q

similarities between ATP and DNA nucleotide (3)

A

-both have ribose
-Both have phosphates
-both have a nitrogenous base

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6
Q

differences between ATP and DNA nucleotide (2)

A

-ATP has 3 phosphates and DNA has 1
-only one base in ATP

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7
Q

what are the 3 synthesis of ATP methods

A

-substrate level phosphorylation
-oxidative phosphorylation
-Photophosphorylation

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8
Q

what is substrate level phosphorylation

A

when a phosphate group is directly transferred from one molecule to another

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9
Q

what is oxidative phosphorylation

A

where energy carried by electrons from reduced coenzyme is used to make ATP

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10
Q

what is photophosphorylation

A

when phosphate is added to a molecule using light

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11
Q

word equation for respiration (animals)

A

glucose + oxygen=carbon dioxide=water=energy

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12
Q

how many KJ of energy are released in making the 1st phosphate for ATP

A

30.6

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13
Q

how many KJ of energy are released in making the 2nd phosphate for ATP

A

30.6

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14
Q

how many KJ of energy are released in making the 3rd phosphate for ATP

A

14.2

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15
Q

Features of the Matrix (5)

A

-enzymes for link and krebs
-substrates for link and krebs
-Molecules of coenzymes NAD
-mitochondrial DNA
-Mitochondrial ribosomes

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16
Q

What is glycolysis (3)

A

-takes place in the cytoplasm and involves the oxidation of glucose to pyruvate with a net gain of 2 ATP and 2 NADH molecules
-doesn’t need oxygen
-little energy released, most in pyruvate

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17
Q

what are the 5 different products made at each stage in glycolysis

A

-glucose (6c)
-glucose phosphate (6c)
-hexose bisphosphate (6c)
-2 Triose phosphate (3c)
-2 Pyruvate (3c)

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18
Q

what is the NET GAIN in glycolysis

A

-2 ATP
-2 NADH

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19
Q

what are the steps in phosphorylation (step1) (3)

A

-the first step in glycolysis involves the phosphorylation of glucose to glucose phosphate using one molecule of ATP
-Glucose phosphate is phosphorylated by another molecule of ATP to hexose bisphosphate (6c)
-Hexose bisphosphate splits into two molecules of triose phosphate (TP)

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20
Q

what are the steps in oxidation (step 2) (2)

A

-The two molecules of TP are oxidised to pyruvate (3C) in a multistep reaction.
-A single TP molecule produces two molecules of ATP and one molecule of reduced NAD (NADH) in this process

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21
Q

What process occurs after the glycolysis reaction

A

Link reaction

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22
Q

What process occurs after the link reaction

A

Krebs Cycle

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23
Q

When does the Krebs cycle happen and where does it occur

A

It’s a chain of reactions that occur in the mitochondria during aerobic respiration

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24
Q

What are the order of products created in glycolysis

A

Glucose
Glucose phosphate
Hexose bisphosphate
2 Triose phosphate
2 pyruvate

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25
What are the order of the products created in the link reaction
Pyruvate Acetyl group + coenzyme A Acetylcoenzyme A
26
What are the order of products created in the Krebs cycle + carbons
Acetylcoenzyme A 2c Citrate 6c 5c compound 4c compound 4c compound 4c compound Oxaloacetate 4c
27
What reaction creates ATP as a byproduct
Substrate level phosphorylation
28
What reaction creates CO2 as a byproduct
Decarboxylation
29
What reaction creates reduced NAD as a byproduct
Dehydrogenation
30
what stage is oxidative phosphorylation
Final stage
31
Order of stages in Aerobic respiration
Glycolysis Link Reaction Krebs Cycle Oxidative Phosphorylation
32
Does Oxidative Phosphorylation require oxygen
yes
33
where does oxidative phosphorylation occur
inner membrane of mitochondria / cristae
34
what is being produced by oxidative phosphorylation
ATP , water
35
which molecules from glycolysis, link reaction and the Krebs cycle are needed for the electron transport chain
Reduced NAD + FAD
36
what is the electron transport chain made up of
cytochromes
37
what enzyme is important in the production of ATP in oxidative phosphorylation
ATP synthase enzyme
38
movement of which ions causes an electrochemical gradient
hydrogen
39
what is the final electron acceptor at the end of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation
Oxygen
40
What is produced at the end of the electron transport chain in oxidative phosphorylation
water
41
how many ATP are produced per NAD in oxidative phosphorylation
2.5 ATP
42
How many ATP molecules will be generated from one molecule of reduced FAD
1.5 ATP
43
Why is some ATP lost during respiration ? (3)
For transporting the pyruvate into the mitochondria For transporting reduced NAD during glycolysis Some protons ( hydrogen ) may leak during oxidative phosphorylation
44
How many molecules of ATP are produced per glucose molecule in aerobic respiration compared to anaerobic respiration
38 aerobic 2 anaerobic
45
When is anaerobic respiration used
Only used when oxygen cannot be supplied fast enough It’s an EMERGENCY measure to keep vital processes functioning
46
What are obligate anaerobes
Cannot survive in the presence of oxygen Mostly prokaryotes E.g. clostridium ( food poisoning bacteria )
47
What are facultative anaerobes
Synthesise ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present Will switch to anaerobic respiration in the absence of oxygen E.g. yeast
48
What are obligate aerobes
Can only synthesise ATP in the presence of oxygen. Individual cells can be facultative anaerobes E.g. mammals
49
What is fermentation basic answer
Form of anaerobic respiration
50
What is fermentation , more complex answer (explain )
The process where complex inorganic compounds are Brocken down into simpler inorganic compounds without the use of oxygen or the involvement of an electron transport chain
51
What is the process in which yeast respires
Ethanol fermentation
52
What is the process in which mammals respire anaerobically
Lactate fermentation
53
Hydrogen acceptor in yeast anaerobic respiration
Ethanol
54
Hydrogen acceptor in mammals anaerobic respiration
Pyruvate
55
Is carbon dioxide produced in yeast anaerobic respiration
Yes
56
Is carbon dioxide produced in mammals anaerobic respiration
No
57
Is NAD reoxidised in yeast and mammals respiration
Yes
58
What’s the end product in yeast anaerobic respiration
Ethanol
59
What’s the end product in mammals anaerobic respiration
Lactic acid
60
What enzymes are involved in yeast anaerobic respiration
Pyruvate decarboxylase ethanol dehydrogenase
61
What enzyme is involved in mammal anaerobic respiration
Lactate dehydrogenase
62
What biological molecules enter the respiration pathway from muscles
Glycogen Glucose
63
What biological molecules enter the respiration pathway from the liver
Amino acids Lactate
64
What biological molecules enter the respiration pathway from the brain
Ketone bodies
65
What biological molecules enter the respiration pathway from Adipose tissues
Triglycerides
66
What’s the RQ calculation
CO2 produced / O2 consumed
67
What’s the RQ for a carbohydrate
1.0
68
What’s the RQ for lipids
0.7
69
What’s the RQ for proteins
0.9

Year 2 OCR A-Level Biology (4 decks)

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