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Psych 1000 > Module 5 - Sensation, Perception And Conciousness > Flashcards

Module 5 - Sensation, Perception And Conciousness Flashcards

(89 cards)

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1
Q

Sensation

A

Detection of physical energy by our sensory organs, which is then relayed to the brain

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2
Q

5 Sensations

A

Seeing, hearing, touching, tasting and smelling

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3
Q

Perception

A

Putting all sensations together and interpreting inputs

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4
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

Taking information, assembling it and integrating it

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5
Q

Top-down processing

A

Using models, ideas and expectations to interpret sensory information

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6
Q

Reception

A

Stimulation of sensory receptor cells by energy (sound, light, heat)

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7
Q

Transduction

A

Transforming cell stimulation into neural impulses

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8
Q

Transmission

A

Delivering neural information to brain to be processed

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9
Q

Absolute threshold

A

Minimum level or stimulus intensity needed to detect a stimulus half the time

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10
Q

Subliminal

A

Below our threshold for being able to consciously detect a stimulus, but still registered by the sensory organ

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11
Q

Difference threshold

A

Minimum difference for a person to be able to detect the difference

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12
Q

Weber’s Law

A

Two stimuli to be perceived as different they must differ by a constant minimum percentage and not a constant amount

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13
Q

Signal Ditection Theory

A

Whether or not we detect a stimulus particularly with background noise

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14
Q

What does detection depend on?

A

Psychological Factors; alertness, expectations, motivation and sensory experience

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15
Q

Gestalt

A

Understand laws of our ability to acquire and maintain meaningful perception in a chaotic world

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16
Q

Law of Pragnaz

A

Perceive stimuli in our environment in their simplest form

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17
Q

Proximity

A

Physically close to each other tend to be unified as wholes

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18
Q

Similarity

A

Similar to each other tend to be perceived as unified wholes

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19
Q

Continuity

A

Intersection between objects tend to be perceived as two single uninterrupted entities

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20
Q

Closure

A

Parts combined to make wholes

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21
Q

Symmetry

A

Perceive objects that are symmetrically arranged as wholes

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22
Q

Common faith

A

Perceive elements of objects to have trends of motion

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23
Q

Figure-ground

A

Centre of our attention, we ignore the background

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24
Q

Electromagnetic Radiation

A

Many types of wave but our eyes only respond to some (colour)

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25
Wavelength
Colour or hue
26
Amplitude
Intensity or brightness
27
Long wavelength
Red
28
Short wavelength
Blue
29
Large amplitude
Bright
30
Small amplitude
Dull
31
Key Structures of the Eye
- Lens - Pupil - Iris - Blind Spot - Optic Nerve - Fovea
32
Cornea
Focused and inverted
33
Retina
Transduction
34
Photoreceptors
Rods and Cones - light receivers
35
Photoreceptors - Step 1
Light entering eye triggers photochemical reaction in rods and cones at back of retina
36
Photoreceptors - Step 2
bipolar cells activated
37
Photoreceptors - Step 3
Bipolar cell activate ganglion cells, the axons of which converge to form optic nerve
38
Optic Nerve
Transmits information to the visual cortex in the brain
39
Ganglion Cells
Object recognition
40
Supercells
Recognize more complex forms of
41
Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory
Assumes three types of colour receptor (red, green and blue)
42
What happens when some type of cones are missing
Colour-blindness
43
Opponent-process theory
Neural process based on sets of complementary colours (pairs inhibit each other) - White - black - Yellow - blue - Red - green
44
Which Theory is Correct?
They’re both supported Young-Helmontz Thichromatic Theory - Receptor Level Opponent Process theory - Ganglion Cells and Visual Cortex
45
Monocular Cues
Require one eye to perceive depth
46
Linear Perspective
Lines converge to a common point at a distance
47
Relative Size
More distant objects look smaller
48
Texture GRadient
Texture becomes less apparent the further it is
49
Interposition
Closer objects black view from objects further away
50
High in Plane
Distant objects are higher and closer objects are lower
51
Binocular Disparity
Eye transmits different information for near objects, ut become similar the further away objects are
52
Binocular convergence
- When we ook at nearby objects our eyes converge together - brain can track eye muscle movement to estimate distance
53
Parallel Processes
Building perceptions out of sensory details processed in different areas of the brain at the same time
54
Consciousness
- Perceptions - Subjective Experiences - Intentionality - Self-awareness
55
What does attention do?
guide perception
56
Broadent’s filter theory of attention
Attention is a bottleneck through which information passes
57
Selective Attention
What we focus on is what we consciously perceive
58
Selective Inattention
Failure to notice part of our environment when our attention is directed elsewhere
59
Subliminal consciousness
Below threshold for being reliably able to consciously detect stimulus but still registered by the sensory organ
60
Does subliminal influence work
Yes, for a short period of time when all distractions are removed
61
Naive Realism
False belief that our senses are infallible and that our perceptions off representations of the world
62
unconscious “low” track
- Bottom up - below the absolute threshold but still registered by sensory organ - doesn’t require attention - automatic actions
63
Conscious “high” track
- top down - above the absolute threshold - requires attention - leads to deliberate actions based on what we recognize in our environment
64
Context effects
Provides us basis for expectations
65
Perceptual SEt
What we expect to see influences what we do see (top-down processing)
66
Perceptual Constancy
Ability to perceive objects as having constant, shape, size and colour despite changes in perspective
67
Automatic Variations (examples)
Daydreaming, drowsiness, sleep and dreams
68
Physiological Variations (examples)
Hallucinations, lack of oxygen and orgasms
69
Psychological Variations (examples)
Sensory deprivations, hypnosis and mindfulness meditations
70
Consciousness during sleep
Not a single state but multiple states that vary in frequency, amplitude and regularity (measured with EEG)
71
Awake and Active
- Beta Waves - High Frequency - Low Amplitude
72
Awake and Calm
- Alpha Waves - Lower frequency then beta - higher amplitude then beta
73
Stage 1 and 2
- Theta waves - Lower frequency then alpha - larger amplitude than alpha
74
Stage 3 and 4
- Slow-wave sleep - Delta waves - very low frequency - high amplitude and regular
75
Stage 5
- REM - Brain activity increases - beta and alpha re-appear - heart rate and respiration increase - dreaming
76
What does REM sleep deprivation lead to
REM rebound
77
What happens during 90 minute cycle?
Slow wave sleep decreases and time spent in REM increases
78
Why do we sleep - 4 reasons
- Protection: hidden without movement - Recover: restore and repair brain tissue - Consolidation: build and rebuild memories - Growth: growth hormones are released
79
Effects of sleep deprivation
- decreased concentration - impaired memory - impaired emotional regulation - impaired immune system
80
improving sleep
- regular schedule - decrease stimulation before bed - exercise - avoid naps - reassure yourself - avoid quick fixes
81
Psychoactive substances
Naturally or artificially created substances that alter the state of consciousness, perception, mood, and/or the regulation of behaviour
82
Stimulants
- Euphoria - increased energy - lower inhibition - increased dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine activity - ex. Cocaine
83
Hallucinogens
- distortion of sensory and perceptual experiences - leads to fear, panic and paranoia - increased serotonin - block glutamate receptors - ex. Ketamine
84
Depressants
- Drowsiness, relaxation sleep - increase GABA activity - release of endorphines - ex. Heroin
85
Physical Dependence
Physical needs of a drug that has painful withdrawal symptoms (changes in physiological processes)
86
Psychological Dependence
Repeated experience of positive emotions and reduction of negative emotions during the administration of a drug
87
Addiction
Involuntary servitude to obtain a substance, caused by physical and psychological dependence
88
alcohol
- stimulant, hallucinogenic and a depressant - facilitates GABA activity - endorphin release - tolerance builds so dependence is high
89
Drinking
- accumulates in blood and body tissues to get to liver - No safe amount

Psych 1000 (5 decks)

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