Module 6

Question 1

what is the U.S. average of antibiotic prescription/person/year

Answer 1

0.88

Question 2

what is an antimicrobial

Answer 2

a selective inhibitor of microbial cells

Question 3

who formulated the idea of selective toxicity and combination therapy for resistance

Answer 3

Paul Ehrlich

Question 4

what are the ideal characteristics of antibacterial agents

Answer 4

• targets bacterial factor ABSENT in human cells
• minimal toxicity
• bioavailability
• bactericidal
• bacteriostatic

Question 5

what term refers to killing of bacteria

Answer 5

bactericidal

Question 6

what term refers to inhibiting growth of bacteria

Answer 6

bacteriostatic

Question 7

what are antibiotics

Answer 7

antimicrobials produced by live organisms and is usually a secondary metabolite

Question 8

what do antimicrobials rely on

Answer 8

selective cellular inhibition

Question 9

what are the 3 major targets of antimicrobials

Answer 9

• inhibition of bacterial cell wall synthesis
• inhibition of protein synthesis
• inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis

Question 10

what antibiotic type acts on the bacteria cell wall

Answer 10

beta-lactams

Question 11

what are examples of beta-lactams

Answer 11

• penicillin
• cephicillins
• carbapenems

Question 12

what antibiotic types acts on the bacterial ribosomes

Answer 12

• macrolides
• tetracyclines
• aminoglycosides
• lincosamides

Question 13

what antibiotic type acts on the bacterial DNA

Answer 13

quinolones

Question 14

what is the #1 used antibiotic in dentistry

Answer 14

beta - lactams

Question 15

what is the #2 used antibiotic in dentistry

Answer 15

erythromycin or azithromycin

Question 16

what is the #3 used antibiotic in dentistry

Answer 16

clindamycin

Question 17

what is a risk of beta - lactam

Answer 17

allergy

Question 18

what is a risk of clindamycin

Answer 18

bone infection in the elderly population

Question 19

what drug is good for the treatment of anaerobes in periodontitis

Answer 19

metronidazole

Question 20

what do beta - lactams target

Answer 20

peptidoglycan

Question 21

what are the steps of how beta - lactams function

Answer 21

• D-ala transpeptidation BLOCKED
• binds to PBP
• makes wall WEAKER, but only if bacteria is growing

Question 22

what type of beta - lactam has a broader Gram - spectrum

Answer 22

penams - pencillin

Question 23

what is the oral version of penicillin

Answer 23

penicillin V

Question 24

what type of penicillin is injected and used mainly on Gram + bacteria

Answer 24

penicillin G

Question 25

which of these is among the main reason the community acquired resistant bacterial infections are increasing? a - use in farming, and unregulated disposal of excess drugs b - higher use of antibiotics in hospital ICUs c - climate change d - patient compliance issues

Answer 25

a - use in farming and unregulated disposal of excess only because community acquried

Question 26

what are antibiotics as found in nature a - all of these b - bacterial signal molecules c - bacterial secondary metabolites d - produced by fungi and soil bacteria

Answer 26

a - all of these

Question 27

what is clavulanic acid

Answer 27

the inhibitor of the resistance mechanism most commonly encountered for beta lactams. It is half of the 'Augmentin' combination. IT is another decoy - a competitive inhibitor of these bacterial secreted enzymes that can cut beta -lactam rings

Question 28

vancomycin is from __ inhibitors of cell wall synthesis

Answer 28

glycopeptide

Question 29

what is the mechanism of action of vancomycin

Answer 29

the individual NAM-NAG-(ala-ala) precursors are BOUND preventing crosslinks not a 'decoy' to penicillin binding protein like beta - lactam

Question 30

which protein synthesis inhibitor is injection only

Answer 30

aminoglycosides

Question 31

what inhibits peptidyl transfer by interfering with the A site bound aa-tRNA

Answer 31

chloramphenicol

Question 32

what inhibits peptidyl transfer by blocking peptidyl transferase site

Answer 32

tetracycline

Question 33

what binds to the 30S subunit, causes misreading and blocks initiation

Answer 33

streptomycin (aminoglycoside)

Question 34

what binds to the 23S rRNA of the 50S subunit, inhibits chain translocation like clindamycin and azithromycin

Answer 34

erythromycin (macrolide)

Question 35

what do nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors target

Answer 35

bacterial RNA polymerases

Question 36

what do nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors bind to

Answer 36

beta or catalytic subunit of the RNA polymerase

Question 37

what are nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors derived from

Answer 37

streptomyces bacteria

Question 38

what does quinolone inhibit

Answer 38

DNA gyrase & topoisomerase IV

Question 39

what are the mechanisms of quinolone resistance

Answer 39

- point mutations of topoisomerase targets - permeability changes and efflux pumps

Question 40

what is the suffix for quinolones

Answer 40

- floxacin

Question 41

what is the key therapy in aggressive periodontitis

Answer 41

metronidazole

Question 42

what is metronidazole

Answer 42

small nitro-imidazole compound activated only by reduction in anaerobic bacteria and protozoans

Question 43

T/F sulfa drugs are typically given with one or more folic acid/ nucleic acid synthesis inhibitor

Answer 43

true