Module 6 Flashcards
(30 cards)
What is the function of the retina?
The retina converts light into neural signals.
What happens at the optic chiasm?
Nasal fibers cross to the opposite side, while temporal fibers stay on the same side.
What is the result of optic nerve damage?
Blindness in one eye (e.g., right eye blindness).
What is the result of optic chiasm damage?
Loss of peripheral (temporal) vision in both eyes (tunnel vision).
What is the result of optic tract damage?
Homonymous hemianopia (loss of the same side of the visual field in both eyes).
What is the result of damage to the upper optic radiation?
Quadrantanopia (loss of upper quarter of the visual field in both eyes).
What is macular sparing and where does it occur?
Preservation of central vision despite homonymous hemianopia, typically with visual cortex damage.
Which side of the brain processes the right visual field?
The left side of the brain processes the right visual field.
Why is the macula often spared in visual cortex damage?
Because it has dual blood supply, protecting it during certain types of brain injury.
What is the full visual pathway from eye to brain?
Retina → Optic nerve → Optic chiasm → Optic tract → Optic radiation → Visual cortex
What are the main components of the male reproductive system?
Testes (gonads), ducts, glands, and external genitalia (penis, scrotum).
Where does spermatogenesis occur?
In the seminiferous tubules of the testes.
What is the function of the epididymis?
Sperm storage, maturation, and transport.
Which gland produces most of the seminal fluid?
Seminal vesicles produce about 60% of seminal fluid.
What is the function of the bulbourethral glands?
Produce alkaline mucus that neutralizes the urethra before ejaculation.
How long does spermatogenesis take?
Approximately 70 days.
What hormones regulate spermatogenesis?
FSH and LH from the anterior pituitary, and testosterone from Leydig cells.
What does FSH do in males?
Stimulates spermatogenesis by promoting ABP release from Sertoli cells.
What does LH do in males?
Stimulates testosterone production from interstitial (Leydig) cells.
What are the two effects of testosterone?
Androgenic (e.g., secondary sex characteristics) and anabolic (e.g., muscle growth).
What are the main organs of the female reproductive system?
Ovaries, uterine (fallopian) tubes, uterus, vagina, and external genitalia.
What is the function of the ovaries?
Produce ova (eggs) and secrete hormones (estrogen and progesterone).
Where does fertilization usually occur?
In the ampulla of the uterine tube.
What hormone triggers ovulation?
Luteinizing Hormone (LH).
