Module 6 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
The peripheral nervous system is divided into ________?
A
Sensory and Motor divisions
2
Q
The autonomic nervous system is divided into ________?
A
Sympathetic & Parasympathetic divisions
3
Q
Which of the following statements correctly describes the afferent division of the Peripheral nervous system?
A
Transports action potentials to the CNS
4
Q
Which of the following statements correctly describes the efferent division of the PNS?
A
Transmits impulses from the CNS to the skeletal muscle
5
Q
Does Autonomic motor nerves innervate skeletal muscle
A
FALSE
6
Q
Which division of the nervous system controls smooth and cardiac muscle?
A
Autonomic nervous system.
7
Q
What does the CNS consist of?
A
Bain and spine
8
Q
What connects off of afferent neurons?
A
Sensory input
9
Q
The two efferent neurons?
A
Autonomic Neurons & Somatic Motor Neurons
10
Q
What does the somatic motor neurons do?
A
Controls skeletal muscles. It is anything we can control // control movement
11
Q
What does automatic neurons do?
A
Everything that works on its own.
12
Q
Examples of autonomic neurons?
A
Cardiac + smooth muscles (organs)
13
Q
What is sympathetic?
A
Fight or flight (dilated pupils)
14
Q
What is parasympathetic?
A
Rest or digest (lowering heart rate)
15
Q
What branches of off sympathetic & parasympathetic?
A
Enteric Nervous System
16
Q
Where is the Enteric Nervous System found? What does it do?
A
In your gut // moves you intestines // gastrointestinal tract
17
Q
What is a neuron classified by?
A
Shape and function
18
Q
What neuron is most abundant in your body due to function?
A
Interneurons
19
Q
What is the main function of the neuron?
A
Send signals
20
Q
What is the cell body called?
A
Soma
21
Q
Anterograde Transort?
A
Soma —> Axon
22
Q
Retrograde Transport?
A
Axon —-> Soma
23
Q
Unipolar nerve cell?
A
One neck coming out of soma
24
Q
Multipolar nerve cell?
A
Multiple necks coming out of soma
25
Bipolar nerve cell?
2 necks coming out of soma
26
What are the glial cells?
Supporting units
27
What are the 2 major parts the nervous system is divided into?
CNS & Peripheral Nervous System
28
What does the PNS consist of?
Neurons associated with sensory input (afferent) and motor output (efferent)
29
Short, branched processes that extend from the cell body?
Dendrites
30
What do dendrites do?
Function to receive information
31
A large process that extends from the cell body at a point of origin called the axon hillock and functions to send information?
Axon
32
A large process that extends from the cell body at a point of origin called the axon hillock and functions to send information?
Axon
33
Multipolar is the what division?
Efferent
34
Unipolar is the what division?
Sensory // afferent
35
99% of our neurons are _____?
Multipolar
36
Multipolar are found everywhere except for what division?
Sensory // afferent
37
Interneurons are located between _____ & ____
Sensory & motor neurons
38
3 types of neurons?
sensory, motor, and interneurons
39
What are the two synapses?
Chemical & Electrical
40
Controlled, more common, easier to control, precise in messages, use neurotransmitter/ chemical signals?
Chemical Synapse
41
Immediate, faster (group text), rare, mostly in heart and can be in brain?
Electrical
42
What uses gap junctions?
Electrical Synapses
43
What are gap junctions
The action potential goes directly from one neuron to the next
44
EPSP ad IPSP are _____?
Graded Potentials
45
What is depolarization?
EPSP (because it is excitatory)
46
Where does summation occur?
Axon hillock
47
Temporal summation
Rapidly repeated stimulus (has to do with time)
48
Spatial Summation
Spaced (multiple areas from action potentials to occur)
49
Is spatial or temporal summation faster?
Spatial
50
Ions fired close to the trigger zone with most likely cause a ____?
Action Potential
51
What is hyperpolarization?
ISPS (inhibitory)
52
Like a sponge, regulate ECF (mostly K+), take extra neurotransmitters, blood brain barrier
Astrocytes
53
Astrocytes are found mostly in the _____?
CNS
54
What are the glial cells found in the CNS?
Astrocytes, Oligodendrocytes, Ependymal, Microglials
55
Are glial cells found more than neurons?
TRUE
56
What are the glial cells in the PNS?
Schwann & Satellite
57
Oligodendrocytes mylenate many ____?
| And they speed up ____ 1000 X?
Axons "O so many"
| Action Potential
58
Cerebral Spinal fluid?
Ependymal
59
What has a single axon?
Schwann cells
60
Store glycogen?
Astrocytes
61
What cell responds to injury? Are they phagocytic cell eating? Associated with _____?
Microglial's // TRUE // Alzheimers disease
62
Insulates and speeds up action potential?
Myelin Sheath
63
Myelin sheath is on ____?
Schwann cells
64
7 functions of muscle tissue?
movement, maintenance of posture, respiration, heat generation, communication, constriction of organs and good vessels, pumping blood
65
4 properties of muscle tissue?
Contractility, excitability, extensibility, elasticity
66
Skeletal, striated, voluntary
Skeletal muscle
67
Which structures in the skeletal muscle do change in length?
HI ( h & i band)
68
Cardiac, striated, involuntary
Cardiac Muscle
69
What two muscles are autorhythmic? (capable of contracting spontaneously without nervous or hormonal stimulation)
Smooth and cardiac
70
Visceral, nonstriated, involuntary
Smooth Muscle
71
What is the Triad?
2 terminal cisternaes & a T-tubule
72
Once Ca++ binds with troponin, the ____ exposes the myosin binding sites?
tropomyosin
73
Myofilaments are made up of?
Actin and myosin
74
Myofibrils are a ____?
Sarcomere
75
Constant contraction?
Tetanus
76
3 skeletal muscle fiber types?
Slow twitch oxidative muscle fibers, fast-twitch oxidative-glycolytic muscle fibers, fast-twitch glycolytic fibers
77
Muscle fibers are the same thing as?
Muscle cells
78
Grouping of muscle fibers?
Fasciculus
79
What makes up a muscle fiber?
Myofibril, sarcolemma, SR, sarcoplasm
80
The SR stores?
Calcium
81
What is hypertrophy?
Individual muscle fibers grow
82
Many G-actins equal _____?
F-actin
83
What determines if the monomer attaches to active site?
Troponin
84
Ca++ binds to _____?
Troponin
85
What are the 3 binding sites for troponin?
Ca++, G-actin, tropomyosin
86
What covers the active sites?
Tropomyosin
87
What regulates if myosin connects with actin?
Tropomyosin
88
What does the myosin head connect with?
Actin sites
89
Myofilament + myosin =
Sarcomeres
90
Contracted muscles become ____?
Shorter
91
What 3 things do myosin head do/have?
Forms cross bridges, hinge region can bend and straighten, ATPase
92
What consist of the neuromuscular junction?
Pre synaptic (nerve) , synaptic cleft (gap) , post synaptic (muscle)
93
What is the membrane of the muscle?
Sarcolemma
94
Neurotransmitter in the neuromuscular junction?
ACH -- acetylcholine
95
What is required to open the sodium ligand gated channel?
ACH -- acetylcholine
96
What does the acetylcholinase do?
Breaks up acetylcholine into acetate & choline
97
What is needed for relaxation and to break up the cross bridge formation?
ATP
98
4 fatigue types?
Central fatigue, low frequency fatigue, high frequency fatigue, synapse fatigue
99
What is central fatigue?
Psychological
100
What is low frequency fatigue?
Long use of a muscle, hard time to revere (marathon runners)
101
What is high frequency fatigue?
Intense use of muscle, fast time to recover (power lifting)
102
What is synapse fatigue?
When you run out of nutrients to contract
103
One motor neuron can control few to many _____?
Muscle fibers
104
More ______ means easier movement
Motor neurons
105
What allows the Ca++ to rush out into the sarcoplasm?
Action potential hitting RYR which opens the DHPR
106
ATP hydrolyzes into ____ & ____
ADP & Pi
107
If shot by a gun, what tissues and muscles would it go through to reach the heart?
```
Epi
Fasciculi (the muscle)
Peri
Fasiculus
Endo
Muscle fibers (the cell)
Myofibrils
Myofilaments (actin + myosin)
```
108
What causes MD (muscular dystrophy) ? What is is?
Dystrophin // Muscle weakness
109
What is Dystrophin?
Connects protein, connects cytoskeleton muscle fibers together
110
Nicotinic type II (receptors) is found ____ to ___?
neuron to neuron
111
Nicotinic type I (receptors) is found ____ to ___?
Neuron to muscle
112
3 muscle contractions?
Concentric, esentric, isometric
113
What is Concentric contraction?
The muscle length shortens and the tension stays the same
114
What is mesenteric contraction?
Muscle lengthens but tensions stays the same
115
What is isometric contraction?
Muscle length stays the same, but tension increases
116
Aerobic, O2, fatigue rate is high of resistance, dark red or pink, endurance
Slow-Twitch fibers
117
Anaerobic, respiration w/o oxygen, white, no myoglobin
Fast-twitch fibers
118
All use of motor units?
Tetriny
119
What is wave summation?
When motor units build upon one another (slow ---> medium ----> large)
120
What is related to Oligondrocytes but in the PNS?
Schwann cells
121
You get MS without?
Oligondrocytes
122
EPSP increase ___ permeability
Na+
123
What protects from heavy metal?
Astrocytes
124
What is the length of the myosin?
A-band
125
Sarcolemma that goes deep?
T-tubule
126
What is found in muscle fibers?
Sarcomeres
