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MBIO 345 > Module 6: Antimicrobial Agents > Flashcards

Module 6: Antimicrobial Agents Flashcards

(81 cards)

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1
Q

Natural penicillins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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2
Q

Natural penicillins spectrum, resistance, class concept

A

Narrow, gram pos
Inactivated by Beta-lactamase
Applies

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3
Q

Natural penicillins clinical use

A

Pen G - intravenous

Pen V - oral

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4
Q

Natural penicillins examples

A

Penicillin G, Penicillin V

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5
Q

B-lactamase resistant penicillins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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6
Q

B-lactamase resistant penicillins spectrum, resistance, class concept

A

Very narrow, mainly gram pos staphylococci
Altered penicillin binding proteins prevent attachment in cell wall
Applies

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7
Q

B-lactamase resistant penicillins clinical use

A

Oral, intravenous, intramuscular

Cloxacillin most common

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8
Q

B-lactamase resistant penicillins examples

A

Oxacillin, cloxacillin, dicloxacillin, methicillin

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9
Q

Expanded spectrum penicillins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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10
Q

Expanded spectrum penicillins spectrum, resistance, class concept

A

Broad
Inactivated by beta-lactamase
Applies

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11
Q

Expanded spectrum penicillins clinical use

A

Amoxicillin most common due to better absorption

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12
Q

Expanded spectrum penicillins examples

A

Ampicillin, amoxicillin

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13
Q

Anti-pseudomonal penicillins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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14
Q

Anti-pseudomonal penicillins spectrum, resistance, class concept

A

Broad
Inactivated by beta-lactamase
Does not apply

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15
Q

Anti-pseudomonal penicillins clinical use

A

Expensive

Often combined with aminoglycosides

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16
Q

Anti-pseudomonal penicillins examples

A

Carboxy penicillins - carbenicillin, ticarcillin

Ureidopenicillin - azlocillin, mezlocillin, pipercillin

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17
Q

Beta-lactamase inhibitors mode of action

A

Render beta-lactamase enzymes useless

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18
Q

Beta-lactamase inhibitors spectrum, resistance, class concept

A

Dependent on what antibiotic it is used with

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19
Q

Beta-lactamase inhibitors clinical use

A

Increase effectiveness of other antibiotics

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20
Q

Beta-lactamase inhibitors examples

A

Clavulanic acid

Sulbactam (with ampicillin)

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21
Q

1st generation cephalosporins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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22
Q

1st generation cephalosporins spectrum, class concept

A

Broad, mostly gram pos

Applies

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23
Q

1st generation cephalosporins examples

A

CephalothIN, cefazolIN (injected)

CephalexIN (oral)

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24
Q

2nd generation cephalosporins mode of action

A

Inhibition of cell wall synthesis

Bactericidal

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25
2nd generation cephalosporins spectrum, class concept
Broad | Does not apply
26
2nd generation cephalosporins examples
CeFAClor, ceFONicid, ceFOTian, ceFOTetan, ceFAMandole, ceFORanide, ceFURoxime, ceFOXitin
27
3rd generation cephalosporins mode of action
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis | Bactericidal
28
3rd generation cephalosporins spectrum, class concept
Broad | Does not apply
29
3rd generation cephalosporins clinical use
Crosses blood-brain barrier easier than 1st generation
30
3rd generation cephalosporins examples
CefIXIME, cefotaXIME, ceftizoXIME, cefoperaZONE, ceftazidIME, ceftriaXONE
31
4th generation cephalosporins mode of action
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis | Bactericidal
32
4th generation cephalosporins spectrum
Broad
33
4th generation cephalosporins examples
Cefipime (cefepime), cefpirome
34
Aztronam mode of action
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis | Bactericidal
35
Aztronam spectrum, resistance
Narrow | Ineffective against gram pos and anaerobes
36
Aztronam clinical use
Effective against Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonas that are resistant to other antibiotics
37
Carbapenems: Imipenem mode of action
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis | Bactericidal
38
Carbapenems: Imipenem spectrum, resistance
Broad | Resistant to MRSA and VRE
39
Carbapenems: Imipenem clinical use
Effective against most anaerobes and most gram neg rods
40
Glycopeptides: Vancomycin mode of action
Inhibition of cell wall synthesis | Bactericidal
41
Glycopeptides: Vancomycin spectrum, resistance
Narrow, gram pos | Some strains of enterococci becoming resistant
42
Glycopeptides: Vancomycin clinical use
Reserved for MRSA, C. Diff, resistant strains of Enterococcus Toxic - hearing loss
43
Macrolides: Erythromycin mode of action
Inhibition of protein synthesis | Bacteriostatic, cidal in high concentrations
44
Macrolides: Erythromycin spectrum
Narrow, gram pos
45
Macrolides: Erythromycin clinical use
S. pyogenes infections when allergic to penicillin "exotics" - Mycoplasma, Legionella, Chlamydia Clindamycin has similar properties
46
Macrolides: Chloramphenicol mode of action
Inhibition of protein synthesis | Bacteriostatic
47
Macrolides: Chloramphenicol spectrum
Broad
48
Macrolides: Chloramphenicol clinical use
Penetrates CNS Toxic, only used when cannot use others Causes aplastic anemia, gray syndrome, bone marrow depression
49
Macrolides: Tetracyclines mode of action
Inhibition of protein synthesis | Bacteriostatic
50
Macrolides: Tetracyclines spectrum, resistance
Broad | Resistance is common
51
Macrolides: Tetracyclines clinical use
"exotics" - Chlamydia, Mycoplasma, rickettsial infections | Deposition in bone structure - not for use in children
52
Macrolides: Tetracyclines examples
Terramycin, aureomycin, doxycycline, minocycline
53
Macrolides: Aminoglycosides mode of action
Inhibition of protein synthesis | Bactericidal
54
Macrolides: Aminoglycosides spectrum, class concept
Broad | Does not apply
55
Macrolides: Aminoglycosides clinical use
Ineffective in anaerobes Synergistic with beta-lactam antibiotics Affected by Ca and Mg Toxic to kidneys and eighth cranial nerve
56
Macrolides: Aminoglycosides examples
Kanamycin, gentamycin, tobramycin, amikacin, netilmicin, spectinomycin
57
Quinolones: Fluoroquinolones mode of action
Inhibition of DNA replication | Bactericidal
58
Quinolones: Fluoroquinolones spectrum
Broad
59
Quinolones: Fluoroquinolones clinical use
Irreversible cartilage and skeletal damage | Unusable under 18, pregnant, nursing
60
Quinolones: Fluoroquinolones examples
Ciprofloxacin, norfloxacin
61
Quinolones: Nalidixic acid mode of action
Inhibition of DNA replication | Bactericidal
62
Quinolones: Nalidixic acid spectrum
Broad
63
Quinolones: Nalidixic acid clinical use
UTIs | Concentration too low in blood
64
Quinolones: Metronidazole mode of action
Inhibition of DNA replication | Bactericidal
65
Quinolones: Metronidazole clinical use
Anaerobes | Protozoan parasitic infections (Giardia, Trichomonas)
66
Quinolones: Metronidazole examples
Flagyl
67
Polypeptides: Polymixins mode of action
Inhibition of cell membrane function causing membrane leakage Bactericidal
68
Polypeptides: Polymixins spectrum
Narrow gram neg
69
Polypeptides: Polymixins clinical use
Used in culture media and in discs | Nephrotixicity, neurotoxicity
70
Polypeptides: Polymixins examples
``` Polymixin B Polymixin E (colistin) ```
71
Sulfonamides mode of action
Prevents synthesis of folic acid from PABA through competitive inhibition Bacteriostatic
72
Sulfonamides spectrum
Broad
73
Sulfonamides clinical use
Inexpensive Some enter CNS UTIs More effective when given with trimethoprim (cotrimoxazole, SXT)
74
Sulfonamides examples
Cotrimoxazole (SXT) | Sulfamethoxazole
75
Trimethoprim mode of action
Prevents synthesis of folic acid from PABA through competitive inhibition
76
Trimethoprim spectrum
Broad
77
Trimethoprim clinical use
UTIs | Combined with sulfonamide
78
Trimethoprim examples
Cotrimoxazole (SXT)
79
Nitrofurans: Nirtofurantoin mode of action
Unclear, may damage DNA, protein, translation enzyme | Bactericidal at high concentrations, static at low
80
Nitrofurans: Nirtofurantoin spectrum
Broad
81
Nitrofurans: Nirtofurantoin clinical use
UTIs | Blood concentrations too low

MBIO 345 (5 decks)

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