Module 6: Environmental Policy and Sustainable Development

Question 1

People who involve in _ like those of 350.org (see Case Study) strive to influence public policy. They try to find on how to shape the rules or decisions that influence how we act, as individuals and as a society. There are policies to protect property, individual rights, public health, and other priorities on a _. International policies and agreements set international trade in _ or _.

Answer 1

public actions
national level
hazardous chemicals or endangered species

Question 2

The _ has something to do about the rules.

Answer 2

environmental policy

Question 3

It includes policies, practices, and laws designed to protect human health and well-being, environmental quality, and natural resources.

Answer 3

Environmental Policy

Question 4

The safety of drinking water, air, and food are protected by laws developed by past generations of _ and _. _ also protect access to public waterways and public lands. We overlook these rules, and we take these protections for granted most of the time.

Answer 4

voters and policymakers
Laws

Question 5

Environmental Policy
In a democratic system, these policies are recognized through _ and _.

Answer 5

negotiation and compromise

Question 6

Environmental Policy
_ agrees that all voices be heard, and policy decisions encourage collective well-being.

Answer 6

Open deliberation

Question 7

Environmental Policy
_ protect policies they think will value their constituents.

However, ideally, _ need to be reasonably palatable to a majority of voters to pass a vote.

Answer 7

Elected representatives

rules

Question 8

What drives policymaking?
_ and _ certainly control much of our policymaking.

Answer 8

Power and influence

Question 9

What drives policymaking?
_ , _, and _ often have disproportionate access to lawmakers.

Answer 9

Economic interest groups, industry associations, and dominant individuals

Question 10

What drives policymaking?
Public interest groups work to gain similar access by:

Answer 10

• developing broad support
• bringing citizens together to write letters or meet with legislators
• drawing attention to a cause or an issue

Question 11

What drives policymaking?
Even though _ is always present in politics, _ is also a powerful force. Unselfish and community-oriented impulses are widespread, as shown by actions of groups like 350.org. These motivations are evident in many of our current public policies like the Clean Air Act (R.A. 8749), the Clean Water Act (R.A. 9275), the Ecological Solid Waste Management Act (R.A. 9003), and many other environmental laws that defend _ and _.

Answer 11

self-interest
public citizenship
public interests and collective well-being

Question 12

What drives policymaking?
_ for environmental quality often have had far-reaching effects.

Answer 12

Citizen movements

Question 13

Citizen movements for environmental quality often have had far-reaching effects. For example:

Environmental protests helped precipitate the collapse of the _ in _, when political dissent was not allowed, but environmental demonstrations were acceptable

Answer 13

Soviet Union
1992

Question 14

Citizen movements for environmental quality often have had far-reaching effects. For example:

In _ had _ public events to protest pollution, environmental health issues, and other abuses. A campaign led by artists, students, and writers blocked government plans for a series of _ large dams on the _ in mountainous southwestern China, an area of extraordinary biological and cultural diversity. There are now _ social and environmental organizations in China, and for the first time, they have officially recognized status.

Answer 14

2010 China
more than 100,000
13
Nu River
more than 2,000

Question 15

_ is ongoing and cyclic

Answer 15

Policy creation

Question 16

Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic

Policy development as a cycle is often described:

Answer 16

Identify problem
Set Agenda
Develop Proposals
Build support
Enact law or rule
Implement Policy
Evaluate results
Suggest changes

Question 17

Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic

• A problem is _, usually by concerned groups of citizens or interest groups.
• There are new rules that are _, plans to resolve the problem are developed through _.
• _ is built to gather votes for the new rule.
• If the rule is agreed to, then it is _.
• _ then leads to the identification of flaws in the rule, and the cycle starts again.
• The central to policy development is to _. Supports often do _, _, and _.

Answer 17

identified
proposed, discussion
Popular support
implemented
Evaluation
build support
media campaigns, public education, and personal lobbying of decision-makers

Question 18

Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic

Often groups hire a _ who can dedicate weeks, months, or even years to develop the support of legislators. They may spend millions of dollars on campaigns to convince the public to support a particular view on a public policy issue.

Answer 18

lobbyist

Question 19

Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic

The _ is a path through which rules are developed, enacted, tested, and revised.

Answer 19

policy cycle

Question 20

Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic

The next step in a policy cycle is _, or carrying out the new rules. Preferably, government agencies indeed carry out _ as they offer services and implement rules and regulations. _ is needed to make sure the government enforces its own rules. Many of our worst problems in air pollution, and related respiratory ailments, for example, could be controlled if we enforced existing air quality rules more effectively.

Answer 20

implementation
policy directives
Persistent public attention

Question 21

Policy creation is ongoing and cyclic

It almost regularly requires reevaluation and enhancement after time, once a rule is enacted. It is necessary to “_” a law, or vote again to continue a law to expire after a designated number of years.

Answer 21

reauthorize

Question 22

The cornerstone of the Philippine Environmental Policy is the _, series of _ or the so-called _ was signed into law by _, and taking effect on _.

Answer 22

Presidential Decree No. 1152
1977
Philippine Environment Code
President Ferdinand E. Marcos
June 6, 1977

Question 23

P.D. 1152 does three essential things:

Answer 23

(1) it serves as a framework in the launching of a comprehensive program of environmental protection and management
(2) the achievement and maintenance of such levels of air quality as to protect public health; and
(3) the prevention of the greatest extent practicable, injury and damage to plant and animal life and property, and promote the social and economic development of the country

Question 24

_ regulates air emissions.

Answer 24

The Clean Air Act of 1999 (R.A. 8749)

Question 25

The law aims to achieve and maintain clean air that meets the National Air Quality guideline values for criteria pollutants, throughout the Philippines, while minimizing the possible associated impacts on the economy.

Answer 25

The Clean Air Act of 1999 (R.A. 8749)

Question 26

The Economic Burden of Air Pollution Economic costs of air pollution from fossil fuels as a share of GDP in 2018 China - Brazil -

Answer 26

6.6% 0.8%

Question 26

_ protects surface water.

Answer 26

The Clean Water Act of 2004 (R.A. 9275)

Question 27

The law aims to protect the country's water bodies from pollution from land-based sources (industries and commercial establishments, agriculture, and community/household activities)

Answer 27

The Clean Water Act of 2004 (R.A. 9275)

Question 28

It provides a comprehensive and integrated strategy to prevent and minimize pollution through a multi-sectoral and participatory approach involving all the stakeholders.

Answer 28

The Clean Water Act of 2004 (R.A. 9275)

Question 29

_ protects wildlife.

Answer 29

The Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 (R.A. 9147)

Question 30

This law aims to conserve and protect the country’s wildlife resources and their habitats, appropriating funds for promoting ecological balance and enhancing biological diversity. Further, it focuses on the regulation of the collection and trade of wildlife.

Answer 30

The Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 (R.A. 9147)

Question 31

It also strives to pursue, with due regard to the national interest, the Philippine commitment to international conventions, protection of wildlife and their habitats, and the initiation or support of scientific studies on the conservation of biological diversity

Answer 31

The Wildlife Resources Conservation and Protection Act of 2001 (R.A. 9147)

Question 32

_ addresses hazardous sites.

Answer 32

The Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 (R.A. 6969)

Question 33

The law aims to regulate or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale, distribution, use, and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present an unreasonable risk to human health.

Answer 33

The Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 (R.A. 6969)

Question 34

It likewise prohibits the entry, even in transit, of hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose; and to provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic chemicals.

Answer 34

The Toxic Substances, Hazardous, and Nuclear Waste Control Act of 1990 (R.A. 6969)

Question 35

The _ was established in 1978 with the enactment of Presidential Decree No. 1586

Answer 35

Environment Impact Assessment (EIA) System

Question 36

facilitate the attainment and maintenance of the balance between socio- economic development and environmental protection

Answer 36

Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)

Question 37

_ is a planning and management tool that will support the government, decision makers, and the affected community. The proponents address the negative consequences or risks of the environment. The process assures the implementation of environment-friendly projects.

Answer 37

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

Question 38

_ as amended by the _, otherwise known as the _, an act is declaring protected areas and providing for their management, and other purposes.

Answer 38

The National Integrated Protected Areas System Act of 1992 (R.A. 7586) Republic Act No. 11038 Expanded National Integrated Protected Areas Systems Act of 2018

Question 39

_, an Act providing for the development, management, and conservation of the fisheries and aquatic resources, integrating all laws pertaining to that, and other purposes.

Answer 39

The Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 (R.A. 8550)

Question 40

International Environmental Policies More than _ treaties and conventions over the past _ years have been conveyed to protect our global environment.

Answer 40

170 25

Question 41

International Environmental Policies From regulating activities ranging from _ to _, _, _, _, and _, and these agreements theoretically cover almost every aspect of human impacts.

Answer 41

intercontinental shipping of hazardous waste deforestation, overfishing, trade in endangered species, global warming, and wetland protection

Question 42

Major International Meetings One of the first of these was the _ in _, which set an agenda for subsequent meetings. This conference gathered representatives of _ countries and several dozen non-governmental organizations.

Answer 42

1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment Stockholm 113

Question 43

Major International Meetings A much larger gathering was the “_” _ years later. This meeting was held in _ in _ and was officially called the _. This time over _ nations participated, as well as _ non-governmental organizations.

Answer 43

Earth Summit 20 Rio de Janeiro 1992 UN Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) 110 2,400

Question 44

Major International Meetings The _ meeting was such a watershed event that it was repeated in _, on its _ anniversary. The _ document from the first Rio meeting has laid out principles of sustainability and equity that have guided much policymaking since 1992.

Answer 44

Rio 2012 20th Agenda 21

Question 45

Important International Treaties

Answer 45

Ramsar Heritage CITES CMS Ozone Basel CBD UNFCCC CCD

Question 46

Important International Treaties Ramsar : Year Held: Year Enacted:

Answer 46

Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat 1971 1975

Question 47

Important International Treaties Heritage : Year Held: Year Enacted:

Answer 47

Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage 1972 1975

Question 48

Important International Treaties CITES : Year Held: Year Enacted:

Answer 48

Convention on International Trade on Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora 1973 1987

Question 49

Important International Treaties CMS : Year Held: Year Enacted:

Answer 49

Convention on the Conservation of Migratory Species of Wild Animals 1979 1983

Question 50

Important International Treaties Ozone : Year Held: Year Enacted:

Answer 50

Vienna Convention for the Protection of the Ozone Layer and Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer 1985 1988

Question 51

Important International Treaties Basel : Year Held: Year Enacted:

Answer 51

Basel Convention on the Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and their Disposal 1989 1992

Question 52

Important International Treaties CBD : Year Held: Year Enacted:

Answer 52

Convention on Biological Diversity 1992 1993

Question 53

Important International Treaties UNFCCC : Year Held: Year Enacted:

Answer 53

United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 1992 1994

Question 54

Important International Treaties CCD : Year Held: Year Enacted:

Answer 54

United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and Desertification, Particularly in Africa 1994 1996

Question 55

The _ (_, _) declared that wild flora and fauna are valuable, irreplaceable, and threatened by human activities.

Answer 55

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES, 1973)

Question 56

It maintains a list of threatened and endangered species that may be affected by trade to protect disappearing species.

Answer 56

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES, 1973)

Question 57

The _ (_) protects stratospheric ozone, committed participants’ signatories to phase out the production and use of several chemicals that break down ozone in the atmosphere.

Answer 57

Montreal Protocol (1987)

Question 58

The _ was useful because it bound signatory nations not to purchase CFCs or products made using them from countries that refused to ratify the treaty.

Answer 58

Montreal Protocol

Question 59

The _ (_) restricts shipment of hazardous waste across boundaries.

Answer 59

Basel Convention (1992)

Question 60

The objective of this convention, which has 172 signatories, is to protect health and the environment.

Answer 60

Basel Convention (1992)

Question 61

“Hazardous wastes should be disposed of in the states that generated them.”

Answer 61

Basel Convention (1992)

Question 62

Parties are also required to minimize the production of hazardous materials and to ensure that there are safe disposal facilities within their boundaries.

Answer 62

Basel Convention (1992)

Question 63

The Basel Convention was enhanced by the _ (_), which places similar restrictions on unauthorized transboundary shipment of industrial chemicals and pesticides.

Answer 63

Rotterdam Convention (1997)

Question 64

The _ (_) leads governments to share data on climate change.

Answer 64

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1994)

Question 65

The _ leads governments to share data on climate change, improve national plans for directing greenhouse gases, and collaborate to adapt to climate change.

Answer 65

UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1994)

Question 66

The _ encouraged a reduction in greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, the _ set-prime targets for signatories to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to less than 1990 levels by 2012. It sets tighter restrictions on industrial countries that are responsible for roughly 90 percent of GHG emissions up to the present, and this made the protocol controversial than for developing countries.

Answer 66

UNFCCC Kyoto Protocol (1997)

Question 67

The UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (1994) Signatories are required to report their GHG emissions in order to document changes in their production. The _ remained the only signatory that has not ratified the Kyoto framework. _ ratified it in 2002, but then the conservative government of _ withdrew its consent. A sequence of meetings has repeatedly failed to reach substantive solutions, although incremental agreements have been made. Recent meetings, for example, have produced agreements in principle that wealthy countries should aid poorer countries in developing alternative energy strategies and in reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation.

Answer 67

United States Canada Stephen Harper

Question 68

Enforcement often relies on national pride Enforcement of international agreements frequently depends on how many countries care about their international reputation. However, most countries also are reluctant to appear irresponsible or immoral in the eyes of the international community, so _ and _ can be effective enforcement strategies.

Answer 68

moral persuasion and public embarrassment

Question 69

Enforcement often relies on national pride However, national pride can also stand in the way of species protection. In 2010, Japan almost singlehandedly derailed _ protection for bluefin tuna, even though these beautiful, highly evolved, longlived top predators, are now at less than 15 percent of historic levels. They may already be headed for extinction. Part of Japan's objections to fishing limits is that they do not like to be told what they can or cannot eat. Economics also plays a role. In 2012 a single 593-pound (263 kg) bluefin tuna caught off northeastern Japan fetched a record $736,000 (56.49 million yen), or about $1,238 per pound, at the first auction of the year at Tokyo's Tsukiji market. Often international negotiators aim for unanimous agreement to ensure strong acceptance of international policies. While this approach makes for a strong agreement, a single recalcitrant nation can have veto power over the vast majority's wishes.

Answer 69

CITES

Question 70

What Can You Do? Everyone can participate ... • _ help develop environmental laws. • _ develop technologies to clean up pollution. • _ and _ evaluate the costs of pollution and resource depletion and develop solutions.

Answer 70

Lawyers Engineers Economists social scientists

Question 71

What Can You Do? Actions to influence environmental policy:

Answer 71

1. Contact your elected representatives regularly and tell them what you think about policy matters. 2. Vote. 3. Encourage others to vote. 4. Join civic organizations to multiply the power of your voice. 5. Practice leadership locally—join student governance groups or community groups, attend city council meetings, organize activities in your neighborhood. 6. Apply your education: Become an environmental scientist, journalist, artist, engineer, or other practitioners. 7. Find creative ways to build sustainability into any job you do: Encourage recycling, smart energy conservation, and other practices. 8. Practice conservation at home: Drive less, walk more, avoid disposable goods, air-dry your clothes, eat a little less meat, avoid watering your lawn, buy efficient appliances. 9. Stay informed: Read the paper, listen to the news, and not just the weather and murder reports. 10. Go outside and learn about your local environment.

Question 72

What Can You Do? _ and _ are powerful catalysts for change

Answer 72

Colleges and universities

Question 73

What Can You Do? _ is also a method, and students can engage and gain experience. Explore what kind of plan the university has. If one exists, it may need updating. If none exists, then perhaps one can help start writing one. Many institutions also have greenhouse gas reduction plans. Working on one can teach a great deal about both technology and policymaking.

Answer 73

Campus sustainability planning

Question 74

What Can You Do? If a student is apprehensive about a career in environmental law, policy, journalism, or other fields related, getting involved in _ is an excellent way to build knowledge and experience. Many of today's environmental and political leaders gained experience in policy, leadership, and organizing by working with _. These activities can be as informative, and life-changing as the courses are taken because they can give the experience of being in charge and making decisions.

Answer 74

student groups

Question 75

How much is enough? • The final step an individual can take

Answer 75

Think about consumption

Question 76

How much is enough? A century ago, economist and social critic _ wrote _, where he coined the term conspicuous consumption. He used the term to describe things we buy to impress others, things we do not want. _ ideas are more relevant today than ever. Some social critics call this _. They work frantically at an unfulfilling job, to buy things they do not need, so they can save time to work even longer hours.

Answer 76

Thorstein Veblen The Theory of the Leisure Class Veblen's accelerated consumerism affluenza

Question 77

How much is enough? Choosing to _ can be an easy way to reduce your global environmental footprint and save money—Cook simple foods with friends instead of eating prepared foods. Produce a garden. Employ less time shopping and more time talking and having fun with family and friends. Although individual choices may make a small effect, collectively, they have global consequences.

Answer 77

consume less

Question 78

United Nations Intergovernmental organization tasked with:

Answer 78

 maintaining international peace and security  developing friendly relations among nations  achieving international co-operation  being a center for harmonizing the actions of nations.

Question 79

Held to address issues concerning environmental protection and socio-economic development.

Answer 79

The Earth Summit (1992) in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil

Question 80

"meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs."

Answer 80

Sustainable Development according to Gro Harlem Brundtland

Question 81

17 Sustainable Development Goals

Answer 81

1. No Poverty 2. Zero Hunger 3. Good Health and Well-being 4. Quality Education 5. Gender Equality 6. Clean Water and Sanitation 7. Affordable and Clean Energy 8. Decent Work and Economic Growth 9. Industry, Innovation, and Infrastructure 10. Reduced Inequalities 11. Sustainable Cities and Communities 12. Responsible Consumption and Production 13. Climate Action 14. Life Below Water 15. Life on Land 16. Peace, Justice and Strong Institutions 17. Partnerships for the Goals

Question 82

Components of Sustainability:

Answer 82

Environmental Economic Social

Question 83

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments

Answer 83

1. Combating Poverty 2. Reducing Resource Consumption 3. Population Growth 4. Health Care 5. Sustainable Cities 6. Environmental Policy 7. Protection of the Atmosphere 8. Combating Desertification and Drought 9. Combating Deforestation and Protecting Biodiversities 10. Agriculture and Rural Development

Question 84

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments A central goal because poverty reduces access to health care, education, and other essential components of development.

Answer 84

1. Combating Poverty

Question 85

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments More consumption, more pressure. Less consumption, less pressure to our environment.

Answer 85

2. Reducing Resource Consumption

Question 86

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments leads to ever-greater resource demands, because all people need some resources.

Answer 86

3. Population Growth

Question 87

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments Especially for children and mothers, is essential for a productive life.

Answer 87

4. Health Care

Question 88

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments are key because over half of humanity now lives in cities

Answer 88

5. Sustainable Cities

Question 89

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments needs to guide decision making in local and national governments, to ensure that environmental quality is protected before it gets damaged, and to set agreed-upon rules for resource use.

Answer 89

6. Environmental Policy

Question 90

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments essential for minimizing the rate of climate change and for reducing impacts of air pollution on people, plants, and infrastructure

Answer 90

7. Protection of the Atmosphere

Question 91

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments through better management of water resources, can save farms, ecosystems, and lives.

Answer 91

8. Combating Desertification and Drought

Question 92

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments go together because much of the world’s biodiversity is in forests

Answer 92

9. Combating Deforestation and Protecting Biodiversities

Question 93

Ten Key Factors Necessary for Sustainable Developments Improving conditions for billions of rural people, can help reduce populations in urban slums.

Answer 93

10. Agriculture and Rural Development

Question 94

• Poverty rates were reduced by _ (over a billion still live in extreme poverty) • Child mortality was reduced by _ • _ in education in Southern Asia • Treatment for _

Answer 94

50% half Gender equality infectious diseases

Question 95

• _ among children remains high • _ is still widespread • _ for development has not kept pace with needs • _ continue to rise • Continued _ and _

Answer 95

Poverty Hunger Global financial assistance Greenhouse gas emissions deforestation and biodiversity losses

Question 96

It is expected to cost _ per year to develop renewable energy sources, stop soil erosion, protect ecosystems, control population growth, and provide a decent standard of living for the world’s poor. It is a great deal of money, but it is small compared to over _ or more per year spent on wars and military equipment

Answer 96

$350 billion $1 trillion

Question 97

The Challenges of Sustainable Developments _ implies that growth can be based on non-consumptive activities, such as education or arts, and on carefully managed renewable resources, such as soils, forests, and fisheries

Answer 97

Sustainable development

Question 98

The Challenges of Sustainable Developments Sustainable development is a global priority because _ is at the core of many of the world’s most pressing human problems: hunger, child mortality, migrations, insurrections, and environmental degradation. One way to alleviate _ is to foster economic growth so that there can be a more significant share for everyone. In recent years, economic growth has been dramatic in many developing areas. Increased consumption of fossil fuels and minerals and the destruction of biodiversity have driven most of this growth. This growth has also helped support educated middle classes who can fight for cleaner air and water and better environmental management.

Answer 98

poverty

Question 99

The Challenges of Sustainable Developments UN Millennium Development Goals provided benchmarks There has been a sequence of global efforts toward sustainable development. In _ the _ provided a definition of "sustainable development" in the report Our Common Future. The core of the definition was "meeting the needs of the present without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs." In _, UN secretary-general _ called for a millennium assessment of the consequences of ecosystem change on human wellbeing and the scientific basis for actions to enhance the conservation and sustainable use of those systems. This work produced the _, a set of discrete, quantifiable targets for poverty alleviation, education, health, and other measures of well-being by 2015. Since 2015, the UN has defined a new set of Sustainable Development Goals to build on the Millennium Goals.

Answer 99

1987 World Commission on Environment and Development 2000 Kofi Annan Millennium Development Goals

Question 100

Millennium Development Goals

Answer 100

1. Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger. a) Cut by half the proportion of people living on less than 1 dollar/day b) Reduce by half the proportion of hungry people 2. Achieve universal primary education. a) Ensure that all boys and girls complete primary schools 3. Promote gender equality and empowering women a) Eliminate gender disparity in primary and secondary education by 2015 4. Reduce child mortality a) Reduce by two-thirds the mortality rate among children under 5. 5. Improve maternal health a) Reduce by three-quarters the maternal mortality ratio. 6. Combat HIV/Aids, Malaria, and other diseases. a) Halt and begin to reverse the spread of HIV/Aids. b) Halt and begin to reverse the spread of malaria and other major diseases. 7. Ensure environmental sustainability a) Integrate the principles of sustainable development into policies and programs; reverse the loss of environmental resources. b) Reduce by half the proportion of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water. c) Improve the lives of 100 million slum dwellers by 2020. 8. Develop a global partnership for development a) Develop further an open trading and financial system that is rule-based, predictable, and nondiscriminatory, including good governance, development, and poverty reduction b) Address the least developed countries’ individual needs. Develop tariffs free and quota-free access for their exports, enhance debt relief for heavily indebted developing countries.

Question 101

The Challenges of Sustainable Developments Remarkably, a great deal of progress was achieved on most of the eight main Millennium Development Goals. UN secretary-general _ called these goals the most successful global anti-poverty push in history. Millennium Development Goals have demonstrated that focused global development objectives can make a profound difference,” he said. These are some of the notable points achieved by 2015

Answer 101

Ban Ki-Moon

Question 102

The Challenges of Sustainable Developments The target of halving poverty rates was achieved. However, over a billion people still live in extreme poverty child mortality rates reduced by half, with especially dramatic improvements for children under five years old. Gender equality in education has been attained in Southern Asia and other regions, although girls still face obstacles to education in many regions. In _ countries, women now hold at least _ percent of seats in at least one chamber of national parliaments. Treatment for infectious diseases, including malaria, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS, has saved _ of millions of lives

Answer 102

46 30 tens

Question 103

The Challenges of Sustainable Developments Despite successes , there remains considerable room for progress. Poverty among children remains high, hunger is still widespread, and global financial assistance for development has not kept pace with needs. Perhaps most dire are failures to meet environmental targets. The greenhouse gas emissions continue to rise, along with deforestation and biodiversity losses. Improving access to _ and _ are likely to be essential parts of the UN Sustainable Development Goals. It is expected to cost $350 billion per year to develop renewable energy sources, stop soil erosion, protect ecosystems, control population growth, and provide a decent standard of living for the world’s poor. It is a great deal of money, but it is small compared to over $1 trillion or more per year spent on wars and military equipment.

Answer 103

renewable energy environmental protection assistance