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Biology - Year 12 > Module 6: Genetic Change > Flashcards

Module 6: Genetic Change Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

What are physical muatgens?

A

Heat and ionising radiation

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2
Q

What is ionising radiation?

A

Radiation that has enough energy to break chemical bonds in DNA

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3
Q

What does ionising radiation cause in DNA?

A

Deletion or partial chromosome loss

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4
Q

What is base excision repair?

A

When damaged or incorrect base is removed and replaced

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5
Q

What is mismatch repair?

A

When DNA polymerase carries out ‘spell check’ for accuracy of replication

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6
Q

What is point muation?

A

A single nucleotide variation

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7
Q

What does point mutation usually result in?

A

Base substitution but some result in frameshift

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8
Q

What is an example of point mutation?

A

Sickle cell gene point mutation which causes sickle cell aneamia

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9
Q

What is frameshift mutation?

A

Point mutation that involves the insertion or deletion of a nucleotide

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10
Q

What does frameshift mutation result in?

A

A whole sequence of incorrect amino acids

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11
Q

What is a nonsense mutation?

A

Change in amino acids to a stop codon

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12
Q

What is a missense mutation?

A

Change in an amino acid

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13
Q

What is a silent mutation?

A

Change in DNA sequence that does not cause change in amino acids

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14
Q

What is chromosomal mutation?

A

Large scale changes where the overall structure or number of chromosomes is changed

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15
Q

What are the four types of chromosomal mutation?

A

Deletion
Duplication
Inversion
Translocation

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16
Q

What is chromosomal deletion?

A

When a section of DNA is removed and not replaced

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17
Q

What is chromosomal duplication?

A

Portion of DNA is duplicated and inserted

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18
Q

What is chromosomal inversion?

A

DNA is removed and turned 180 degrees and reinserted

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19
Q

What is chromosomal translocation?

A

DNA is moved from one chromosome to another

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20
Q

What is aneuploidy?

A

When one or more extra copies of an entire chromosome are made or are missing

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21
Q

What are somatic mutations?

A

Mutations that occur in somatic cells which are non-reproductive cells

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22
Q

How does a somatic mutation occur?

A

Due to replication error

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23
Q

What cells does somatic mutations effect?

A

Daughter cells of somatic cells

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24
Q

What are germline mutations?

A

Mutations that occur in the germline cells which are gametes

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25
What cells does germline mutations effect?
Passed onto offspring and effects all cells
26
What is genetic drift?
Change in allele frequency due to chance
27
What is an example of when genetic drift may occur?
When a natural disaster may wipe out some organisms in an area
28
How does genetic drift impact allele frequency?
The allele frequency of survivors will increase
29
What is gene flow?
The change of allele frequency from the movement of individuals
30
What 4 factors affect allele frequency?
Selective pressure, sexual selection, mutation and gene flow
31
What is the bottleneck effect?
A large decrease of organisms due to natural disaster
32
What is the founder effect?
When individuals become geographically isolated
33
How does population size impact genetic drift?
The smaller the population the greater the impact is
34
What is biotechnology?
The use of biological materials as tools
35
How long has biotechnology existed for?
Many thousands of years
36
What is an example of ancient biotechnology?
Agriculture and selecting the seeds from the best crops and hybrid vigour
37
What is hybrid vigour?
Cross breeding resulted in stronger and healthier offspring
38
What is an example of cross breeding?
A change in grains characteristics to make them more suitable Einkorn + Emmer = Durum
39
What is an example of classical biotechnology?
Fermentation using biological materials such as cells and cell products to achive goals
40
What is modern biotechnology?
It is mainly genetic engineering and manipulation of genetic material
41
What are the three steps for genetic engineering?
Cut - using enzymes to snip out a gene Copy - use PCR to produce more of it Paste - insert the gene into bacteria
42
What is recombined DNA?
DNA made up of DNA from multiple genomes
43
What are GMOs?
Organisms that have DNA from more than one species
44
What are transgenic species?
Are GMOs that can pass on their genome
45
What is DNA splicing?
Cutting out the genes using restriction enzymes
46
What are restriction enzymes?
Molecular scissors snipping DNA into smaller parts
47
What is used to recombine DNA?
DNA ligase enzyme is used to join DNA pieces together
48
How does DNA profiling work?
Amplification of short tandem repeats, STRs and then comparing the base sequences to determine relatedness
49
What are three examples of agricultural biotechnology?
Artificial insemination and pollination, in vitro fertilisation and embryo transfer and cloning
50
What are the advantages of agricultural biotechnology?
Increased yield, quality and nutrients in food
51
What are the negatives of agricultural biotechnology?
Loss of genetic diversity and fair and equitable sharing of resources
52
What is conservation biotechnology?
Artificial insemination used for conservation in the wild and zoos
53
What is gene therapy?
Is the injection of normal genes into individuals who are lacking this gene
54
What are the benefits of in vitro fertilisation?
Allows infertile parents to have children and eliminates the risk of children being born with inherited genetic diseases
55
What is bioethics?
The study and investigation of decisions in medicine and science
56
What do bioethicists do?
They compare risks and benefits of things against the potential consequences of not using it
56
What must bioethics take into consideration?
Beliefs, values and culture
56
What is CRISPER?
An enzyme with the role to chop up DNA of invading viruses
56
Why is the discovery of CRISPER so important?
Genes can now be spliced and inserted with pinpoint accuracy
57
How does biotechnology impact biodiversity?
In the short term increases biodiversity with new alleles and in the long term decreases biodiversity
57
What is selective breeding?
Mating male and female with desirable characteristics
58
What are the positives of selective breeding?
Offspring are fertile
59
What are the negatives of selective breeding?
Time consuming and costly
60
What is artificial insemination?
Collecting of sperm from chosen males and artificially introducing it to the female
61
What are the positives of artificial insemination?
Sperm can be stored frozen for a long time, it is cost effective, reduces risk of injury and offspring can still be produced many years later
62
What is a negative of artificial insemination?
Reduction of genetic diversity
63
What are the negatives of IVF?
Genetic diversity is reduced, genes of infertility can now be passed on
64
What is artificial pollination?
The stamen is removed and pollen is dusted onto the stigma
65
What is gene cloning?
When a gene is removed and inserted into the DNA of another organism
66
What are the four steps to gene cloning?
1. Gene is cut from source restriction enzymes 2. Gene is pasted into vector DNA or plasmid known as ligase 3. Plasmid is introduced to host cell by transformation 4. Host cell now makes copies of the vector DNA
67
How many attempts did it take to make dolly?
Around 280
68
What is an example of whole organism cloning that is used worldwide?
Seedless grapes
69
What is required for whole organism cloning?
Three animals: - Nucleus doner - Egg doner - Surrogate mother
70
What are the ethical issues of whole organism cloning?
Animal welfare and that this technique could be used on humans
71
What is micro injection of DNA?
When DNA is directly injected into the nucleus of a single cell
72
What is biolistics?
Mechanically delivering DNA into cells by using a gene gun
73
What is transduction?
The delivery of DNA into a cell via a viral vector
74
What are BT cotton plants?
Cotton which contain a gene that produces a protein that kills caterpillars when ingested
75
Why is it called BT?
As it comes from the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis
76
Why is BT cotton beneficial?
As caterpillars destroy millions of dollars worth of cotton each year and it reduces the need for pesticides
77
What are GM salmon?
Salmon that are genetically modified to grow faster and larger increasing yield
78
How are gametes with chromosomal mutation formed?
Meiosis Failure of homologous chromosomes separating, an extra chromosome being left in one gamete and a chromosome missing from one gamete
79
What is the ligation of DNA?
The joining of 2 DNA molecules by the enzyme, DNA ligase
80
What is a possible outcome of artificial pollination on subsequent populations?
Improved plant production of fruit and seeds
81
When is artificial pollination usually used?
When there is a lack of pollinating insects due to wide spread use of insecticides or as the plants are grown in glasshouses

Biology - Year 12 (4 decks)

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