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Physiology > Module 6- Midterm- Nervous System > Flashcards

Module 6- Midterm- Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the CNS made up of?

A

brain and spinal cord

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2
Q

what is in the PNS?

A

nerves outside CNS that go to muscles and organs

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3
Q

What can the PNS be divided into?

A

somatomotor and autonomic

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4
Q

What does the left hemisphere of the brain do?

A

sends signals to activate muscles on the right side of your body

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5
Q

what does the right hemisphere do?

A

sensory info from the right side of the body travels to the left hemisphere

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6
Q

What is in the brainstem? What does it do?

A
  • midbrain
  • pons
  • medulla oblongata
  • controls breathing, heart rate, respiration
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7
Q

What is the cerebellum and where is it located?

A
  • posterior region, above the brainstem

- coordinated movement

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8
Q

Gyri and Sulci

A
  • bumps and dips on the surface of the brain
  • increase surface area in the brain
  • so prominent that they have specific names
  • divided into lobes based on the landmarks and have varying functions
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9
Q

Neurons

A
  • information transmitting and processing cell of body
  • small percentage of brain
  • bipolar
  • unpolar
  • multipolar
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10
Q

unipolar neurons

A
  • one process extending from cell body
  • PNS
  • sensory
  • transmitting signals to and from spinal cord
  • cell body lies in middle and off to one side of the axon
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11
Q

multipolar neuron

A
  • many branching dendrites and one axon

- most common in CNS

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12
Q

Bipolar neuron

A
  • two processes extneding from the cell body

- form of specialized neurons, found in eye

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13
Q

Glial Cells

A
  • 90% of the brain
  • support, maintain delicate internal environment of CNS
  • structural role but also regulate the nutrients and specific interstitial environment of the brain
  • regulate passage of substances between blood and the brains interstitial space
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14
Q

what are the types of glial cells?

A
  • oligodendrocytes
  • astrocytes
  • mircoalgia
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15
Q

what is the language of the nervous system?

A
  • action potentials
  • example: when lifting an object, receptors on skin detect this and send AP to the brain. The weight of the object is “coded” into the action potential. the heavier the object, the more action potentials per second, this is neural coding
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16
Q

the chemical synapse

A
  • this is how nerve cells communicate with each other

- presynaptic nerve releases neurotransmitters that affect the postsynaptic nerve

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17
Q

Steps at the chemical synapse

A
  • presynaptic neurons synthesize neurotransmitters that are stored in the synaptic vesicles
  • an AP in the presynaptic neuron depolarizes the membrane and activate voltage gated Ca+ channels, Ca+ flows into the axon terminal
  • Ca+ causes the synaptic vesicles to fuse to the wall of the synaptic terminal, causing exocytosis and a release of the neurotransmitter
  • neurotransmitter diffuses across the cleft and acts on the chemical receptors on the postsynaptic membrane
  • receptor causes opening of the chemically gated ion channels
  • postsynaptic membrane potential changes, causing depolarization or hyperpolarization
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18
Q

neurotransmitters

A
  • chemcials released by neurons at their axon terminal
  • synthesized within neuron
  • stored in synaptic vesicles to later be released from AP
  • neurotransmitter is released, diffuses across synaptic cleft and produces a response on the postsynaptic neuron
  • can be excitatory or inhibitory
19
Q

what are the most common excitatory/inhibtory neurotransmitters?

A
  • glutamate (ex)

- GABA (inhib)\

20
Q

What is a difference between the NMJ and the chemical synapse?

A

NMJ transmits AP from pre to postsynaptic

Chemical synapse will NOT transmit AP from pre to post synaptic neuron

21
Q

EPSPs

A
  • causes opening of chemically gated channels
  • selective for positive ions
  • primarily only lets Na in the cell
  • local depolarzation of membrane is called EPSP
  • graded potential
  • will NOT fire an AP because there are no voltage gated channel on the cell body or the dendrite of neuron. Remember voltage gated channels are essential and AP begins at axon hillock where there is the highest amt of channels
22
Q

Spatial Summation

A
  • in order for the EPSP to reach the axon hillock and open up voltage gated channels
  • many EPSPs generated at many different synapses at the same postsynaptic neuron at the same time
  • large depolarization that reaches the axon hillock, will be sufficient enough to open voltage gated channels, to reach threshold and fire an AP
23
Q

Temporal Summation

A
  • many EPSPs generated at the same synapse by a series of high frequency APs on the presynaptic neuron
  • causes depolarization at the axon hillock and fires an AP
24
Q

IPSPs

A
  • hyperpolarization
  • will either let chloride in or let potassium out
  • moves it further away from threshold, harder to fire an AP
25
Q

synaptic integration

A
  • post synaptic cell can have EPSPs and IPSPs occurring at the same time
  • the battle of post synaptic potentials
26
Q

what does the motor system include?

A
  • supplementary motor area
  • premotor area
  • primary motor cortex area
  • basil ganglia
  • spinal pathway
  • motor nerves
  • muscle receptors
27
Q

what does the premotor cortex do?

A
  • appropriate strategy for moevement nessecary

- ppl cannot pick appropriate strategy to pick up items when this area is damaged

28
Q

Supplementary motor cortex

A
  • where appropriate sequence of muscle contraction is sent, to program the motor sequences
  • complex or reptitiuos movement requires this area
  • akward hand positions like trouble picking up something little or cannot hold up digits
29
Q

what does the primary motor cortex do?

A
  • everything that has been written is sent here
  • activates the neurons that will eventually activate muscles
  • homonculus
30
Q

what is the corticospinal tract?

A
  • major motor pathway for the primary motor cortex and motor neurons that inneravte the muscle cells
  • begins in motor cortex and extends into the brainstem
  • 80% of the nerve fibers cross contralateral in medulla
31
Q

muscle sense

A
  • proprioception

- ability due to muscle receptors which contain spindles and golgi tendons

32
Q

muscle spindles

A
  • sensory organs
  • sense length and stretch of muscles
  • consists of muscle fibers, center sensory region, two sets of gamm motor neurons and sensory neuron
  • when the muscle stretches, the sensory region also stretches and depolarizes and sends action potentials to the brain
  • it will know how stretched the muscle is and where is it in space
33
Q

Alpha Gamma Coactivation

A
  • signals sent to whole muscles cuasing it to contract travel through the spinal cord through alpha motor neurons (only extrafusal muscle fibers contract)
  • to prevent the intrafusal fibers from going slack during extrafusla contraction, commands are sent at the same time through gamma motorneurons to the intrafusal fibers (this causes contraction of the fibers, which maintains stretch on the central region, at the same rate of the whole muscle)
  • therefore alpha gamma coactivation ensures muscle spindles continue to send information to the brain about muscle and limb position/stretch
34
Q

The reflex arc

A
  • begins with receptor with receptor potential that produces an action potential on the afferent neuron
  • AP enters the spinal cord where it will produce an AP on the interneurons and the efferent neuron
  • efferent neuron will activate the effector
  • does not require output by the brain to cause contraction
35
Q

Stretch reflex

A
  • example of the reflex arc
  • looking at stretch reflex in muscles
    1. tapping tendon produces very small muscle stretch
    2. stretching muscle also stretches muscle spindles
    3. muscle spindles trigger AP in afferent neuron that enters the spinal cord
    4. motor nerve of quads are activated and the hamstring are inhibited
    5. quads contract, hamstrings relax (leg kicks)
36
Q

Cerebellum

A
  • more neurons in here than the rest of brain
  • limb movements, correcting limb movements, modifying strength of reflexes, ocular reflex (eye movement)
  • pavlovian conditioning, learning new movement of muscles
  • must receive info from primary motor cortex and somatosensory cortex
37
Q

Limbic system

A
  • contains hypothalmus
  • emotional center
  • eating, drinking, locomotion, heart rate, bp, sexual behaviours and memories
  • maintenance of internal environment and behaviours
38
Q

Hypothamlmus

A
  • base of brain, in front of brain stem
  • temp control, body water, food regulation, cardiac regulation, circadian rhythm, emotional behaviours
  • control of hormones released in the pituitary gland
  • negative feedback
39
Q

Pituitary gland

A
  • control and release of hromones regulated by the hypothalamus
  • pea size and hangs below the hypothalmus
40
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A
  • heart rate, pupils, smooth muscle, glands, organs
  • involuntary
  • sympathetic or parasympathetic
41
Q

Pathway of Parasympathetic

A
  • nerves exit at brain stem and lower sacral region of the spinal cord
  • preganglionic nerves synapses on a postsynaptic nerve very close to the effector organ
42
Q

Pathway of Sympathetic

A
  • exit at spinal cord in the lumbar and thoracic regions of the cord
  • preganglionic neurons synapse into ganglia on the second postganglionic nerve that will travel to the effector organ of interest
43
Q

Neurotransmitters in the ANS

A
  • preganglionic nerves that leave the spinal cord release the neurotransmitter ACH
  • ACH stimulates next neuron
  • noepinepherine release by sympathetic, can release ACH

Physiology (6 decks)

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