Module 6 Unit 1 - PRINCIPLES OF BIOHAZARD AND BIOSAFETY Flashcards
1
Q
“Revised Rules and Regulations Governing the Licensure and Regulation of Clinical
Laboratories in the Philippines”, the establishment of biosafety and biosecurity manual in a
clinical laboratory creates a safe work environment.
A
DOH Administrative Order No. 2007-0027
2
Q
refer to anything in the environment that has the potential to cause harm
A
Hazards
3
Q
the possibility that something bad or unpleasant (such as an injury or loss) will
happen.
A
risk
4
Q
aims to provide all employees (clinical
laboratory personnel included) a safe work environment.
A
Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
5
Q
When was the OSHA enacted, and by who?
A
enacted by the US
congress in 1970
6
Q
is the governing body responsible for ensuring and monitoring the implementation of the standards set by the above-mentioned act. It is authorized to conduct on-site inspections to determine whether an employer is complying with the mandatory standards.
A
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (also OSHA)
7
Q
The (blank) exposes its workers to a variety of (blank), some of which are not seen in other (blank).
A
The clinical laboratory exposes its workers to a variety of hazards, some of which are not seen in other workplaces.
8
Q
include all pathogen or disease-causing microorganisms. These microorganisms are frequently present in the specimens that are processed in the clinical laboratory.
A
Biohazards
9
Q
illustrates how pathogens are transmitted. Understanding it is essential for one to identify measures that will prevent infection.
A
chain of infection
10
Q
o The disease-causing microorganism
A
INFECTIOUS AGENT / PATHOGEN
11
Q
Animate/ inanimate object where the infectious agent is found normally
living
A
RESERVOIR
12
Q
Examples of reservoirs
A
human reservoir (infected patient), animal reservoir, and inanimate reservoir
13
Q
Routes and means utilized by the microorganism to escape from the reservoir
A
PORTAL OF EXIT
14
Q
Method of conduction from the reservoir to the susceptible host
A
MODE OF TRANSMISSION
15
Q
Modes of Transmission
A
Contact, Airborne, Common Vehicle, and Vector-borne
16
Q
Types of Contact Transmission
A
Direct, Indirect, Droplet
17
Q
Involves actual contact/ close proximity of the infected individual and the susceptible host
A
Direct contact
18
Q
Subtypes of Direct Contact
A
Vertical & Horizontal
19
Q
“Mother-to-baby” transmission
A
Vertical
20
Q
Classifications of Vertical Transmission
A
Prenatal/ Transplacental Transmission & Perinatal Transmission
21
Q
Transfer of infectious agent happens
BEFORE birth usually by crossing the
placenta
A
Prenatal/ Transplacental Transmission
22
Q
Transfer happens during passage through the birth canal
A
Perinatal Transmission
23
Q
Transmission from a person to another person within a group; No specificity when it comes to the involved hosts
A
Horizontal Transmission
24
Q
Includes Transmission by Fomites
A
Indirect contact
25
Non-living object that may transmit an infectious disease (Examples include tissues, handkerchiefs, towels, doorknobs, bedding, etc. )
Fomites
26
Respiratory particles of moisture containing an infectious agent
Droplets
27
How are droplets expelled into the air?
Coughing, sneezing, and even by talking
28
Diameter, distance, and time of droplets
>5 micrometers, <1 meter (short distances), seconds to minutes (fast)
29
Pathogen is spread through droplet nuclei (remnants after evaporation of droplets)
Airborne Transmission
30
Diameter, distance, and time of droplets
<5 micrometers, >1 meter (long distances), minutes to hours
31
Transfer of infectious agents by an inanimate medium
Common Vehicle Transmission
32
Types of inanimate medium
Soil, water, and food
33
Types of Common Vehicle Transmission
Waterborne, Soil-borne, and Foodborne
34
Pathogens are spread by contaminated water, usually with untreated or poorly treated sewage
Waterborne
35
Diseases transmitted via Waterborne Transmission
cholera and leptospirosis
36
pathogens usually develop in soil and is subsequently acquired by the susceptible host from the soil
Soil-borne transmission
37
Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH)
Hookworm, Ascaris, Trichuris
38
Diseases transmitted via Soil-borne
Hookworm infection and Ascariasis
39
Pathogens are transmitted in foods that are incompletely cooked, poorly refrigerated, or prepared under unsanitary conditions
Foodborne
40
Diseases transmitted via foodborne
tapeworm infection
41
Invertebrates capable of harbouring infectious agent
Vector
42
Utilizes mechanical vectors
The infectious agent WILL NOT develop while being transported by the vector
Mechanical transmission
43
Utilizes biological vectors
The infectious agent WILL develop while being transported by the vector
Biological transmission
44
Routes through which the pathogen enter the host
PORTAL OF ENTRY
45
If not followed, no development or milder version of disease will form
Preferred portal of entry
46
If Vibrio cholerae will enter via the GI tract, will cholera develop?
Yes
47
If Vibrio cholerae will enter through the respiratory tract, will cholera develop?
No
48
Unhealthy/ sick individual or patient
SUSCEPTIBLE HUMAN HOST
49
Components found in the 3-Part Model
Source, Transmission, Host
50
Symbol used by the 3-part model
biohazard symbol
51
Also included in the 3-part model in order to break the chain in each component
Preventive measures
52
Not known to consistently cause
diseases in healthy adults
Biosafety Level 1
Agent
53
Bacillus subtilis,
Mycobacterium gordonae
Biosafety Level 1
Agent
54
common agents associated with human disease
percutaneous injury, ingestion, and
mucous membrane exposure
Biosafety Level 2
Agent
55
Escherichia coli, Hepatitis B
virus, Human
Immunodeficiency Virus,
Influenza virus
Biosafety Level 2
Agent
56
indigenous/ exotic agents
may cause serious/ lethal disease via inhalation or exposure
Biosafety Level 3
Agent
57
Bacillus anthracis, Francisella,
Brucella, Mycobacterium
tuberculosis, Mold stages of
systemic fungi
Biosafety Level 3
Agent
58
dangerous or exotic agents which pose HIGH individual risk aerosol-transmitted laboratory infections that are frequently fatal
NO vaccines or treatments
Biosafety Level 4
Agent
59
Ebola virus, Lassa virus, Viruses
that cause hemorrhagic
fevers
Biosafety Level 4
Agent
60
The risk group classification is utilized by both?
National Institutes of Health (NIH) and the
World Health Organization (WHO)
61
# NIH Guidelines
Agents not associated with
disease in healthy adult humans
Risk Group 1
62
# NIH Guidelines
Agents associated with human
disease that is rarely serious and
for which preventive or
therapeutic interventions are
often available.
Risk Group 2
63
# NIH Guidelines
Agents associated with serious or
lethal human disease for which
preventive or therapeutic
interventions may be available
(high individual risk but low
community risk).
Risk Group 3
64
# NIH Guidelines
Agents likely to cause serious or
lethal human disease for which
preventive or therapeutic
interventions are not usually
available (high individual risk and
high community risk).
Risk Group 4
65
# WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual
No or low individual and community
risk
A microorganism unlikely to cause
human or animal disease.
Risk Group 1
66
# WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual
Moderate individual risk; low
community risk
pathogen that can cause human
or animal disease but is unlikely to be
a serious hazard. Laboratory
exposures may cause serious
infection, but effective treatment
and preventive measures are
available and the risk of spread of
infection is limited.
Risk Group 2
67
# WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual
High individual risk; low community
risk
pathogen that usually causes
serious human or animal disease but
does not ordinarily spread from one
infected individual to another.
Effective treatment and preventive
measures are available
Risk Group 3
68
# WHO Laboratory Biosafety Manual
High individual and community risk
pathogen that usually causes
serious human or animal disease and
can be readily transmitted from one
individual to another, directly or
indirectly. Effective treatment and
preventive measures are NOT usually
available
Risk Group 4
69
Guidelines & regulations are set by the (blank) to prevent exposure to biohazards.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
70
personnel should treat all blood and blood-contaminated samples as potentially infectious
did not treat other bodily fluids that are not visibly contaminated with blood as potentially infectious
Universal Precautions (UP)
71
all body fluids and moist body substances to be potentially infectious
Main flaw: Did not recommend hand washing following removal of gloves unless visual contamination is present
Body Substance Isolation (BSI)
72
Combined major features of universal precautions and body substance isolation
Most commonly implemented by clinical laboratories
Essentials include proper hand washing, utilization of personal protective equipment (PPE), and preventing exposure to potentially infectious aerosols/ droplets
Standard Precautions (SP)
73
ESSENTIALS OF STANDARD PRECAUTIONS
PROPER HAND WASHING, UTILIZATION OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE), and BIOSAFETY CABINETS (BSC)
74
Single most effective way of controlling the spread of infectious diseases
PROPER HAND WASHING
75
Steps in Proper Hand Hygiene in Health Care Setting (based on WHO guidelines)
a. Wet hands with clean, running water and apply soap.
b. Rub hands together to make a lather
c. Rinse hand with clean water
d. Dry hands with single-use towel and use towel to turn off the faucet
76
Duration of rubbing hands
20 seconds or 2 happy birthday songs
77
Protective clothing, helmets and other garments designed to protect the
wearer’s body from injury or infection
UTILIZATION OF PERSONAL PROTECTIVE EQUIPMENT (PPE)
78
Common PPE worn by laboratory personnel
Laboratory gown, Scrub suits, Head cover, Goggles, Respirators, Rubber boots and overshoes, Medical Mask, and Face Shield
79
*Steps to put on PPE
1. Always put on PPE when handling viral cases
2. Dressing and undressing should always be supervised by another member of the team
3. Gather all necessary equipment beforehand. Put on scrub suit in changing room.
4. Put on rubber boots or closed, puncture and fluid resistant shoes and put on overshoes.
5. Place impermeable gown over scrubs.
6a. Put on face mask
6b. Put on goggles.
7. If available, wear head cover.
8. Perform hand hygiene.
9. Put on gloves over cuff.
10. If impermeable gown is not available, place waterproof apron over gown.
80
Device that encloses a workplace in such a way that protects the workers from
exposure to aerosols that may potentially contain infectious disease agents
BIOSAFETY CABINETS (BSC)
81
Air that may contain infectious agent is sterilized by passing through the?
HEPA filter
82
Meaning of HEPA Filter
High Efficiency Particulate Air Filter
83
pore diameter of HEPA filter
diameter of 0.3 micrometers
84
Removes air-suspended materials having diameter greater than 0.3 um and is capable of removing up to 99.97% of air-suspended materials
HEPA filter
85
Open Front BSC
Biosafety Cabinet Class I
86
Allow room (unsterilized) air to pass into the cabinet and around the
working area and the materials within
Does not protect the sample/ product from possible
contamination
Biosafety Cabinet Class I
87
Before being exhausted from the cabinet: Air passes through HEPA
filter, sterilizing the air to be exhausted
Protects the worker and the environment from potentially
infectious aerosols
Biosafety Cabinet Class I
88
BSC I provides worker and environment (blank) BUT (blank) provide product/
sample protection.
BSC I provides worker and environment protection BUT DOES NOT provide product/
sample protection.
89
Protects the worker from potentially infectious aerosols; Also capable of
protecting the sample from possible contamination
Biosafety Cabinet Class II
90
Air passes through HEPA filter BEFORE flowing over the materials within
Biosafety Cabinet Class II
91
Air to be exhausted first passes through HEPA filter
Biosafety Cabinet Class II
92
70% of air is recirculated to the working area; 30% of air is exhausted
BSC Class IIA
93
30% of air is recirculated to the working area; 70% of air is exhausted
BSC Class IIB1
94
No recirculation of air; Total exhaust of air through an exhaust HEPA filter
BSC Cass IIB2
95
AIR EITHER PASSES THROUGH THE (blank) TO BE (blank) TO THE WORKING AREA OR IT WILL PASS THROUGH THE (blank) TO BE (blank) OF THE CABINET
AIR EITHER PASSES THROUGH THE SUPPLY FILTER TO BE RECIRCULATED TO THE WORKING AREA OR IT WILL PASS THROUGH THE EXHAUST HEPA FILTER TO BE EXHAUSTED OUT OF THE CABINET
96
BSC class II does not provide worker protection, product/ sample protection, and
environmental protection. True or False?
False. BSC class II provides worker protection, product/ sample protection, and
environmental protection.
97
Completely enclosed and are equipped with glove ports; Infectious material
within is handled with rubber gloves that are attached and sealed
Biosafety Cabinet Class III
98
Minimal Risk; Only Biosafety Level 1 agents are encountered
Practices include the essentials of Standard Precautions
Does not utilize Biological Safety Cabinets, only needs hand washing facilities
Biosafety Level I (BSL-1)
99
Biosafety Level II (BSL-2)
Moderate Risk; Biosafety Level 2 agents are likely to be encountered by the
workers
Includes additional practices such as performing aerosol-generating procedures in BSC Class I or BSC Class II
Biosafety Level II (BSL-2)
100
High risk; Biosafety Level 3 agents are encountered by the workers
In addition to BSL 2 practices, BSL-3 also includes additional practices such as Performing aerosol-generating procedures in BSC Class I, Class II, or
Class III
Biosafety Level III (BSL-3)
101
Extreme risk; Biosafety Level 4 agents are encountered in the workplace
In addition to BSL 3 practices, also includes:
Clothing change before entering
Shower on exit
Special protective clothing
Requiring performance of procedures inside BSC Class III
Biosafety Level IV (BSL-4)
