Module 6: Upper Extremity #2 - Elbow/Forearm, Wrist/Hand Flashcards
(206 cards)
1
Q
What is the cubital fossa?
A
Triangular hollow area in the anterior elbow
2
Q
What are the boundaries of the cubital fossa?
A
Superior = Line between medial and lateral epicondyles
Medial = Pronator Teres
Lateral = Brachioradialis
Floor = Brachialis and Supinator Muscles
Roof = Fascia (reinforced by bicipital aponeurosis)
3
Q
What are the surface anatomy palpation and contents of the cubital fossa?
A
Brachial Artery –> terminal part of brachial artery and its division into radial/ulnar arteries
Biceps Tendon –> plapate for DTR - C5
Bicipital Aponeurosis –> spreads/attaches medially
Pronator Teres = medial border
Brachioradialis = lateral border
Median Cubital Vein = needle stick for venipuncture
4
Q
What are the anterior/posterior compartments of the forearm (technically not “pure” anterior/posterior division)?
A
Anteromedial Compartment
Posterolateral Compartment
5
Q
What muscles are contained in the anteromedial compartment?
A
Flexors
Pronators
6
Q
What nerve(s) innervates the muscles of the anteromedial compartment?
A
Most = median nerve
1.5 = ulnar nerve
7
Q
What muscles are contained in the posterolateral compartment?
A
Extensors
Supinators
8
Q
What nerve(s) innervates the muscles of the posterolateral compartment?
A
All = radial
9
Q
What divides the 2 forearm compartments?
A
Interosseous membrane between radial/ulna bones
Subcutaneous border of the ulna
Radial Artery
10
Q
Where can you palpate the subcutaneous border of the ulna?
A
length of the ulna
11
Q
Where can you palpate the radial artery?
A
Find the pulse along the full length of the radial artery
12
Q
Generally speaking, what do the muscles of the anteromedial compartment of the forearm do?
A
Flex wrist/digits of the hand
Pronate the forearm –> to rotate (the hand or forearm) so that the surface of the palm is downward or toward the back
13
Q
How are the anteromedial forearm muscles grouped?
A
Superficial Group
Intermediate Group
Deep Group
14
Q
Which anteromedial forearm muscles are superficial muscles?
A
Pronator Teres
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Palmaris Longus
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris
15
Q
Which anteromedial forearm muscles are intermediate muscles?
A
Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS)
**Often grouped w/ superficial layer
16
Q
Which anteromedial forearm muscles are deep muscles?
A
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Flexor Pollicis Longus
Pronator Quadratus
17
Q
Describe the pronator teres (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
A
P = Medial Epicondyle of Humerus and Coronoid Process of Ulna
D = Middle of Lateral Surface of the Radius
N = Median Nerve
A = Pronates and Flexes Forearm
18
Q
When the median nerve passes by the pronator teres, where does it go?
A
Passes between the 2 heads of the proantor teres
Medial border of the cubital fossa
19
Q
Describe the Flexor Carpi Radialis (FCR) (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
A
P = Medial Epicondyle of Humerus
D = Base of the 2nd Metacarpal
N = Median Nerve
A = Flexes and Abducts the Hand
20
Q
Which muscle/nerve lie next to the FCR tendon at the wrist?
A
Radial Artery = lateral to FCR tendon (can palpate easily if pt flexes wrist)
Median Nerve = medial to FCR tendon
21
Q
Describe the Palmaris Longus (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
A
P = Medial Epicondyle of Humerus
D = Distal 1/2 of Flexor Retinaculum and Palmer Aponeurosis
N = Median Nerve
A = Flexes Hand and “Tightens” Palmer Aponeurosis
22
Q
Does everyone have a palmaris longus muscle?
A
No
Abscent in 10 - 20% of the population
23
Q
Where is the median nerve located in relation to the palmaris longus tendon?
A
Laterally @ to the palmaris longus tendonthe wrist
24
Q
How can you palpate the palmaris longus tendon?
A
Flex Wrist and “pinch” thumb and pinky together = easily seen and palpated
25
Describe the Flexor Carpi Ulnaris (FCU) (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = 2 heads:
Humeral head = medial epicondyle of the humerus
Ulnar head = olecranon process and posterior border of the ulna
D = Pisiform, hook of the hamate, and base of the 5th metacarpal bone
N = Ulnar Nerve
A = Flexes and Adduct the hand
26
What nerve/artery pass near the FCU tendon at the wrist?
Ulnar nerve/artery passes laterally
27
How do you palpate the FCU?
Not easily palpated
place forearm on flat surface --> flex and adduct the hand
28
How does the ulnar nerve pass the FCU?
Passes between the 2 heads
29
Describe the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis (FDS) (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = 2 heads
Humeroulnar Head = medial epicondyle of humerus and coronoid process of the ulna
Radial Head = superior half of the anterior border of radius
D = Bodies of middle phalanges of medial 4 digits (2 - 5)
N = Median Nerve
A = Flexes PIP join of medial 4 digits (2 - 5); assist w/ flexion of hand and MCP joint
30
What muscle is the largest superficial anteromedial forearm muscles?
Flexor Digitorum Superifcialis
31
Which nerve and artery pass through the 2 heads of the FDS (flexor digitorum superficialis)?
Median Nerve
Ulnar Artery
32
What are the 4 tendons of the Flexor Digitorum Superficialis enclosed at the wrist in?
Common Flexor Synovial Sheath
33
Describe the Digitorum Profundus (FDP) (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = Proximal 3/4 of medial/anterior surfaces of the ulna and interosseous membrane
D = Base of distal phalanges of medial 4 digits (2 - 5)
N = 2 nerves! Median Nerve (AIN - anterior interosseous nerve) - lateral portion; Ulnar Nerve - medial portion
A = Flexes DIP joint of medial 4 digits (2 - 5) = makes fist; flexion of the hands
34
What are the 4 tendons of the FDS enclosed at the wrist in?
Common Flexor Synovial Sheath
35
Describe the Flexor Pollicis Longus (FPL) (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = Anterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane
D = Base of distal phalanx of the thumb
N = Median Nerve - AIN (anterior interosseous nerve)
A = flexes phalanges of the thumb (1st digit)
36
What is the manual muscle test for the flexor pollicis longus (FPL)?
Stabilize proximal phalange and flex distal phalange aginst resistance
37
In general what do the posterolateral forearm muscles do?
Extend the wrist/digits of the hand and supinate
Brachioradialis flexes the forearm
38
What nerve innervates the posterolateral forearm muscles?
Radial Nerve
39
What are the 2 posterolateral forearm muscles that aren't part of the 3 function muscle groups, and what do they do?
Brachioradialis = flexes the forearm
Supinator = supinates forearm --> To turn or rotate (the hand or forearm) so that the palm faces up or forward
40
Besides the brachioradialis and supinator, how are the posterolateral forearm muscles grouped?
Functionally:
Muscles that Extend and Abduct/Adduct the Hand
Muscles the Extend the Medial 4 Diits (2 -5 )
Muscles that Extend of Abduct the Tumb
41
What are the posterolateral forearm muscles that extend and abduct/adduct the hand?
Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus = extend/ABduct
Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis = extend and ABduct
Extensor carpi ulnaris = extend and ADduct
42
What are the posterolateral forearm muscles that extend the medial 4 digits (2 - 5)?
Extensor Digitorum
Extensor Indices
Extensor Digiti Minimi
43
What are the posterolateral forearm muscles that extend or abduct the thumb?
Abductor Pollicis Longus
Extensor Pollicis Brevis
Extensor Pollicis Longus
44
Describe the Brachioradialis (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = Proximal 2/3 of lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
D = Lateral surface of distal radius
N = Radial Nerve
A = Flexes the forearm ** is an exception of posterior muscles cause its a flexor
45
Describe the Supinator (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = Laeral epicondyle of humerus, supinator fossa, crest of the ulna
D = Lateral, posterior and anterior surface of the proximal 1/3 of the radius
N = Deep branch of the radial nerve
A = supinates forearm
46
Describe the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = Lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
D = Base of 2nd metacarpal
N = Radial Nerve
A = Extend and Abduct hand
47
Describe the Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = Lateral epicondyle of humerus
D = Base of the 3rd metacarpal
N = Deep branch of radial nerve
A = Extend and abduct the hand
48
Describe the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = Lateral epicondyle of humerus and posterior border of the ulna
D = Base of 5th metacarpal
N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of radial nerve)
A = Extend and adduct hand
49
Describe the Extensor Digitorum (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = Lateral Epicondyle of the humerus
D = Extensor Expansion of the medial 4 digits (2 - 5)
N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of radial nerve)
A = Extend medial 4 digits (2 -5 ), assist in wrist extension
50
Describe the Extensor Indices (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = Posterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane
D = Extensor expansion of 2nd digit
N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of the radial nerve)
A = Extend 2nd digit
51
Describe the Extensor Digiti Minimi (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = Lateral epicondyle of the humerus
D = Extensor expansion of 5th digit
N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of radial nerve)
A = Extends 5th digit
52
Describe the Abductor Pollicis Longus (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = Posterior surface of the ulna, radius, interosseous membrane
D = Base of 1st metacarpal
N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of radial nerve)
A = Abducts the thumb
53
Describe the Extensor Pollicis Brevis (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = Posterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane
D = Base of proximal phalanx of the thumb
N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of radial nerve)
A = Extends proximal phalanx of thumb (@ CMC joint (carpometacarpal joint)
54
Describe the Extensor Pollicis Longus
P = Posterior surface of middle 1/3 of ulna and interosseous membrane
D = Base of distal phalanx of thumb
N = PIN (posterior interosseous nerve; branch of radial nerve)
A = Extends distal phalanx of the thumb (@ interphalangeal joint)
55
Where does the brachial artery divide, and what does it divide into?
Divides @ cubital fossa
Divides into Radial and Ulnar Artery
56
What branches from the ulnar artery?
2 Recurrent branches
Common interosseous artery
57
What do the 2 recurrent branches supply?
Elbow
58
Where does the common interosseous artery branch?
Branches from ulnar artery in the cubital fossa
59
What does the common interosseous artery divide into?
Anterior Interosseous Artery
Posterior Interosseous Artery
60
Where does the anterior interosseous artery go?
Descends along anterior inerosseous membrane
Pierces interosseous membrane @ pronator quadratus; descends posterior into wrist
61
Where does the posterior interosseous artery go?
Pierces interosseous membrane and descends posteriorly into wrist
62
Where does the ulnar artery go?
Descends into wrist --> anastomoses @ wrist and hand w/ radial artery
63
Where does the radial artery go?
Descends deep to the brachioradialis
Descends to wrist --> anastomoses @ wrist and hand w/ branches of ulnar artery
64
Describe the pathway of the median nerve
Enters forearm (cubital fossa) w/ brachial artery
Descends between 2 heads of pronator trees
AIN (anterior interosseous nerve) branches off
Descends between FDS and FDP
@ wrist located between flexor carpi radials and palmaris longus
65
What muscles are innervated by the median nerve?
Pronator Teres
FDS (Flexor Digitorum Superficialis)
Palmaris Longus
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Thenar Muscles:
Abductor pollicus brevi
Opponens pollicis
Flexor pollicis
66
What muscles are innervated by the AIN (anterior interosseous nerve)?
FDP (Flexor digitorum profundus)
FPL (Flexor pollicis longus)
Pronator quadratus
67
Describe the pathway of the ulnar nerve
Passes posterior to medial epicondyle of humerus
Enters forearm between 2 heads of flexor carpi ulnaris --> cubital tunnel
Descends between FCU and FDP
@ wrist passes ANTERIOR to flexor retinaculum
68
What muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve?
FCU (Flexor carpi ulnaris)
Medial 1/2 FDP (flexor digitorum profundus)
Muscles of the hand:
Hypothenar muscles:
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi
Opponens digiti minimi
Interosseous muscles
3rd/4th lumbrical muscles
Adductor pollicis
Flexor pollicis
69
Describe the pathway of the radial nerve
Enters forearm ANTERIOR to lateral epicondyle of the humerus
Travels between branchialis and brachioradialis in cubital fossa
Divides into the Deep and Superficial Branches of the Radial Nerve
70
Where does the deep branch of the radial nerve go?
Pierces Supinator
Wraps posteriorly around radius --> PIN (posterior interosseous nerve)
71
Where does the superficial branch of the radial nerve go?
Continues to descend deep to brachioradialis
Enters the hand to supply the skin of the lateral hand
72
What muscles are innervated by the radial nerve?
Triceps brachii
Anconeous
Brachioradialis
Extensor carpi radialis longus
73
What muscles are innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve?
Extensor carpi radialis brevis
Supinator
74
What muscles are innervated by the PIN (posterior interosseous nerve)?
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris
Muscles of the digits:
Extensor digitorum
Extensor indices
Extensor digiti minimi
Muscles of the thumb:
Abductor pollicis longus
Extensor pollicis brevis
Extensor pollicis longus
75
What is the anatomical snuff box?
Triangular space along the lateral wrist
76
What are the borders of the anatomical snuff box?
Abductor pollicis longus tendon
Extensor pollicis brevis tendon
Extensor pollicis longus tendon
77
What is contained w/ in the anatomical snuff box?
Radial artery as it passes into the hand to form the deep palmar arch
78
What are the articulations of the wrist joint?
Distal Radius and carpal bones
TFCC (TTriangular fibrocartilagenous complex) and the carpal bones
79
What are the ligaments of the wrist joint?
Medial (ulnar) and Lateral (radial) collateral ligaments
Dorsal radiocarpal ligaments
Palmer Radiocarpal ligaments
80
What do the dorsal radiocarpal ligaments do?
Follow radius during pronation
81
What do the palmer radiocarpal ligaments do?
Follow radius during supination
82
What are the fascia of the hand/wrist?
Extensor retinaculum
Palmer carpal ligament
Flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)
Palmer aponeurosis
Fibrous septums
83
What is contained within the extensor retinaculum?
Extensor tendons as they pass across the posterior wrist
pass through wrist in "6" compartments
84
What are the extensor tendons enclosed by in the extensor retinaculum?
Extensor synovial sheaths
85
What is the palmer carpal ligament?
Anterior continuation of the extensor retinacum
86
What does the flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament) form?
"roof" of the carpal tunnel
87
What passes superficially and deep to the flexor retinaculum?
Superficial = ulnar nerve
Deep = median nerve
88
What is the apex (promixal) part of the palmer aponeurosis continuous with?
Flexor retinaculum
Palmaris longus tendon
89
What are the names of the compartments that the fibrous septums divide the hand into?
Thenar compartment
Central compartment
Adductor compartment
Hypothenar compartment
90
What muscles are contained with in the thenar compartment of the hand?
Abductor pollicis brevis
Flexor pollicis brevia
Opponens pollicis
91
What are the innervation and action of the abductor pollicis brevis?
N = median nerve (recurrent branch)
A = abducts thumb, assists w/ opposition
92
What are the innervation and action of the flexor pollicis brevis?
N = median nerve (recurrent branch)
A = flexes thumb
93
What are the innervation and action of the opponent pollicis?
N = median nerve (recurrent branch)
A = opposes thumb
94
What muscle is contained within the adductor compartment of the hand?
Adductor pollicis
95
Name the heads of the adductor pollicis
Oblique
Transverse
96
What are the innervation and action of the adductor pollicis?
N = ulnar nerve
A = adducts thumb toward middling of the hand
97
What is clinically important about the adductor pollicis?
B/c it is innervated by the ulnar nerve, you can use it to Ddx between ulnar/median nerve injury
98
What muscles are contained within the hypothenar compartment?
Abductor digiti minimi
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
Opponens digiti minimi
99
What are the innervation and action of the abductor digiti minimi?
N = Ulnar nerve
A = abduction of the 5th digit
100
What are the innervation and action of the flexor digiti minimi brevis?
N = ulnar nerve
A = flexion of the 5th digiti
101
What are the innervation and action of the opponent digiti minimi?
N = ulnar nerve
A = opposition of the 5th digit
102
What muscle is contained within the central compartment of the hand?
Lumbricals
103
Describe the lumbricals (Proximal attachment, Distal attachment, Innervation, Action)
P = along tendon of FDP (flexor digitorum profundus)
D = into extensor expansion hood of digits 2 - 5
Innervation = 1 and 2 (unipennate muscles) - median nerve; 3 and 4 (bipennate muscles) - ulnar nerve
A = Flex MCP joint and extend IP joints
104
Where are the interossei muscles located?
Between the metacarpals
105
How are the interossei muscles divided and how many each are there?
Dorsal interossei = 4
Palmer interossei = 3
106
What are the innervations of the interossei muscles?
ALL = ulnar nerve
107
What is the action of the 4 dorsal interossei?
ABduct digits w/ midline of the hand
** DAB = dorsal abduct digits
108
What is the action of the 3 palmer interossei?
Adduct the digits w/ the midline of the hand
** PAD = palmer adduct digits
109
Where are the palmaris brevis muscles located
Subcuatenous tissue of hypothenar region BUT NOT in hypothenar compartment
110
What does the palmaris brevis muscle do?
wrinkle skin of the hypothenar eminence
depends hollow of the palm
111
What makes up the extensor expansions (dorsal hood/dorsal expansion) of the digits?
Extensor tendons (ED, EDM, EI) flattern to form extensor expansions
112
What does the extensor expansion of the digits do?
Aponeurosis type hood wraps around each of the digits 2 - 5
113
What attaches to the lateral band of the hood of the extensor expansions of the digits?
Lumbricals
Interossei
114
What are the 3 sheaths of the flexor tendons of the extrinsic hand muscles?
Common Flexor Synovial Sheath
Digital Synovial Sheath
Fibrous Digital Sheath
115
What is contained w/ in the common flexor sheath?
FDS
FDP
116
Where does the common flexor synovial sheath pass through?
Deep to flexor retinaculum in the carpal tunnel
117
What does the digital synovial sheaths do?
protect the long finger tendons as they pass through the digital "pulleys" (fibrous digital sheath)
118
What is enclosed by the fibrous digital sheath?
Synovial Sheaths
Superifical Flexor Tendons
Deep Flexor Tendons
Tendon of the Flexor Pollicis Longus
119
What are the borders of the carpal tunnel?
Anterior = flexor retinaculum (transverse carpal ligament)
Posterior = carpal bones
Medial/lateral walls = carpal bones
120
What is contained w/ in the carpal tunnel?
Median Nerve
FDS tendons (enclosed in common flexor synovial sheath)
FDP tendons (enclosed in the common flexor synovial sheath)
FPL tendon (has own synovial sheath)
121
What is Guyon's Canal?
Tunnel formed between pisiform and hook of the hamate
122
What passes through the Guyon's Canal?
Ulnar Nerve
123
What is clinically important about the Guyon's Canal?
Potential site for ulnar nerve injury
124
Where does the median nerve branch around the wrist?
Prior to entering the carpal tunnel
125
What is the name of the branch of the median nerve that branches around the wrist, and what does it supply?
Palmar branch
Supplies lateral portion of the palm (passes superficial to flexor retinaculum)
126
After entering the carpal tunnel, where does the median nerve go?
Passes deep to flexor retinaculum
127
After passing deep to the flexor retinaculum, what happens to the median nerve?
Gives off muscular branch (recurrent branch)
128
What does the muscular (recurrent) branch of the median nerve supply?
Thenar muscles
Lumbricals
Palmer surface digits 1 - 3.5 (thumb, index, middle and half of the ring)
Dorsal surface of distal digits 1 - 3.5 (thumb, index, middle, half of the ring)
129
Where does the ulnar nerve emerge into the forearm?
Deep to flexor carpi ulnaris tendon
130
What are the names of the branches of the ulnar nerve in the forearm?
Dorsal cutaneous branch
Palmer cutaneous branch
131
What does the dorsal cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve innervate?
Medial half of the dorsum of the hand
132
What does the palmer cutaneous branch of the ulnar nerve innervate?
Medial palm
133
Where does the ulnar nerve enter the wrist?
Guyon's Canal
134
After the ulnar nerve enters Guyon's Canal, what does it do?
Branches:
Superficial Branch
Deep Branch
135
What does the superficial branch of the ulnar nerve supply in the hand?
Skin of medial 1.5 digits (little finger and half of the ring finger
136
What does the deep branch of the ulnar nerve supply in the hand?
Hypothenar muscle
Medial 2 lumbricals
Adductor pollicis
All interossei
137
What is the ulnar nerve critical for in the hand?
"fine" movements
138
What does the radial nerve innervate in the hand?
Superficial branch of the radial nerve supplies lateral half of the dorsum of the hands (except distal portions of digits 1 - 3.5 (thumb, index, middle, 1/2 of the ring)
NO HAND MUSCLES
139
What are the arteries that supply the hand?
Ulnar Artery
Radial Artery
Deep and Superficial Palmer Arches
140
What does the ulnar artery split into to supply the deep forearm?
Common Interosseous artery --> anterior and posterior interosseous arteries
141
What does the anterior interosseous artery branch into?
Dorsal Carpal Arch (w/ posterior interosseous artery)
Palmer Carpal Arch
142
What does the posterior interosseous artery branch into?
Merges w/ Anterior Interosseous to form Dorsal Carpal Arch
143
Where does the ulnar artery enter the hand?
Superficial to flexor retinaculum
144
After it enters the hand what does the ulnar artery divide into?
Superficial Palmer Arch (w/ radial artery)
Deep Palmer Arch (w/ radial artery)
145
What does the radial artery divide into?
Superficial Palmer Arch (w/ ulnar artery)
Deep Palmer Arch (w/ ulnar artery)
146
Where does the radial nerve pass as it forms the deep palmer arch?
Dorsal to wrist/thumb as it forms the deep palmer arch
147
What does the deep and superficial palmer arches supply?
Digits of the hand of the deep palmer arch
148
What are the bony landmarks of the distal humerus?
Radial (spiral) groove
Trochlea
Capitulum
Fossa of the Distal Humerus
Medial Epicondyle
Lateral Epicondyle
149
What is the function of the radial (spiral) groove)?
Groove for radial nerve as it travels posterior to humerus
150
What are the 3 fossa of the distal humerus?
Olecranon fossa = Posterior surface
Coronoid fossa = Anterio surface
Radial fossa = Anterior surface
151
What is the function of the medial epicondyle?
Attachment site for flexor muscles of the forearm
152
What is the function of the lateral epicondyle?
Attachment site for extensor muscles of the forearm
153
What is the ulna?
Stabilizing bone of the forearm
154
What are the articulations of the ulna?
Humeroulnar joint
Proximal and distal radio ulnar joints
155
What is the humeroulnar joint?
Articulation between trochlea of humerus and trochlear notch of the ulna
156
What are the landmarks of the ulna?
Olecranon
Coronoid process
Trochlear notch
Ulnar tuberosity
Radial notch of the ulna
Head of the ulna
Ulnar styloid process
157
What attaches to the olecranon process of the ulna?
Triceps tendon
158
What attaches to the coronoid process of the ulna?
Brachialis
159
Where is the ulnar tuberosity of the ulna?
Just inferior to the coronoid process
160
What is the function of the radial notch of the ulna?
Spot of articulation of the head of the radius w/ the ulna
161
Which end is the head of the ulna?
Distal end
162
Where would you find the ulnar styloid process?
Distal end
163
Which is longer, the radius or ulna?
Ulna
164
Where in relation to the ulna is the radius?
Lateral
165
What are the landmarks of the radius?
Radial Head
Neck of the Radius
Radial Tuberosity
Body of the Radius
Ulnar Notch of the Radius
Radial Styloid Process
Dorsal Tubercle of the Radius
166
What are the articulations of the radius?
Humeroradial Joint
Proximal and distal radioulnar joint
Radiocarpal joint
167
What is the humeroradial joint?
Articulation between the captiulum of the humerus and the radial head
168
What does the radial head articulate with?
Capitulum of the humerus
Radial notch of the ulna
169
What is the name of the ligament that stabilizes the radial head?
Annular ligament
170
What does the radial tuberosity do?
Separate the head/neck from the body of the radius
171
Where is the ulnar notch of the radius and what does it do?
Distal end
Articulates w/ the head of the ulna
172
Where is the radial styloid process located?
Distal end of the radius
173
Where would you find the dorsal tubercle of the radius?
Distal end of the radius
174
What are the bony articulations of the elbow joint?
Trochlea of humerus articulates w/ trochlear notch of the ulna
Captiulum of the humerus articulates w/ head of the radius
175
What are the ligaments of the elbow joint?
Radial collateral (lateral)
Ulnar collateral (medial)
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What does the radial collateral ligament connect?
Lateral epicondyle to annular ligament surrounding head of the humerus
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What does the ulnar collateral ligament connect?
medial epicondyle to coronoid process and olecranon
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How is the ulnar collateral ligament divided?
3 Bands:
Anterior
Posterior
Oblique
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What is the carrying angle of the elbow?
Male = 10 - 15º
Female = >15º
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What is clinically important about the subcutaneous olecranon bursa?
Inflammation is common
"Olecranon Bursitis"
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What do the proximal and distal radioulnar joints do?
Allow Supination
Allow Pronation
**radius rotates around ulna during these motions
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What are the forearm muscles of pronation of the forearm?
Pronator teres
Pronator quadratus
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What are the muscles of supination of the forearm?
Supinator
Biceps brachii (if resistance)
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Who articulates with whom in the proximal radioulnar joint?
Head of radius w/ radial notch of the ulna
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What stabilizes the head of the radius @ the radiounlar joint?
Annular ligament --> ring-like shape allows rotation of the radius
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What is the sacciform recess?
Continuation of the synovial joint capsule of the below joint
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Where do you find the sacciform recess?
between the annular ligament and the radial head
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Who articulates with whom in the distal radioulnar joint?
Head of the ulna articulates w/ ulnar notch of the radius
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What is the TFCC?
Triangular Fibrocartilangeous Complex
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Where does the TFCC attach?
Base of the radius
Styloid process of the ulna
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What does the TFCC do?
Act as pivot during pronation/supination
Act as articular disc
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How are the carpal bones arranged?
8 bones into 2 rows of 4:
Proximal Row
Distal Row
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What are the carpal bones of the proximal row (lateral to medial)
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrium
Pisiform
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What are the carpal bones of the distal row (lateral to medial)
Trapezium
Trapezoid
Capitate
Hamate
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How are the metacarpals divided?
Base
Head
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What is the base of the metacarpals?
Proximal end
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What do the metacarpal bases form?
CMC joints = carpometacarpal joints
articulation w/ carpal bones
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What is the head of the metacarpals?
Distal end
"Knuckles"
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What do the metacarpal heads form?
MCP joints = metacarpal-phalangeal joint
articulation w/ phalanges
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How are the phalanges divided (except the thumb)
Proximal
Middle
Distal
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How is the thumb divided?
Proximal
Distal
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How are the phalanges numbered, also name them?
Lateral to medial
Thumb = 1st digit
Index Finger = 2nd digit
Middle Finger = 3rd digit
Ring Finger = 4th digit
Pinky Finger = 5th digit
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What are the articulations of the phalanges?
MCP (metacarpal-phalangeal joint)
PIP (proximal interphalangeal joint)
DIP (instal interphalangeal joint)
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What are the borders of the cubital tunnel?
Medial Epicondyle
Tendinous arch of the flexor carpi ulnaris muscles (2 heads: 1 from olecranon, 1 from ulna)
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What are the contents of the cubital tunnel?
Ulnar Nerve
Posterior Recurrent Ulnar Artery
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Clinically, what is important about the cubital tunnel?
Potential site for entrapment
