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PHAR110 > Module 7 > Flashcards

Module 7 Flashcards

1
Q

What is an occupation?

A

routinized work, lack of autonomy, structured conditions and patterns

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2
Q

What is a profession?

A

autonomous decision making in ambiguous circumstances
application of judgement, knowledge, and skills

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3
Q

Which traits determine that an occupation is actually a profession?

A

no consensus on which traits
many are generally agreed upon

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4
Q

What are the two forms that traits can take?

A

structural
attitudinal

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5
Q

List off some structural traits.

A

specialized knowledge and skills
autonomy for the service provider
self-regulation, formal organizations, codes of ethics
shared ethical values

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6
Q

List off some attitudinal traits.

A

a belief in service to the public
commitment to self-improvement
trustworthiness
accountability
integrity, duty, honour

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7
Q

What is a professional attitude?

A

a predisposition, feeling, emotion, or thought that upholds the ideals of a profession and serves as the basis of professional behaviour

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8
Q

Differentiate between attitudes and behaviour.

A

attitudes: learned predisposition
behaviour: actions in response

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9
Q

What is a big difference between professions and non-professional occupations?

A

the relationship between a professional and recipient is not merely nor primarily commercial
the primary goal of the exchange is to maximize the benefit received by the patient rather than the provider
there is trust that the professional works in the best interest of the patient

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10
Q

What are Standards of Practice?

A

services and abilities expected of pharmacists
they are not “laws”, but along with a Code of Ethics they describe the expected behaviours of a practising professional

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11
Q

What are the Standards of Practice in pharmacy?

A

providing care
knowledge and expertise
communication and collaboration
leadership and stewardship
professionalism

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12
Q

Explain the first standard of practice in pharmacy.

A

providing care:
-continuously assess patient needs, goals, and preferences
-in collaboration with the patient, use professional judgment
to make evidence-informed decisions

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13
Q

Explain the second standard of practice in pharmacy.

A

knowledge and expertise:
-develop and maintain professional knowledge and skills

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14
Q

Explain the third standard of practice in pharmacy.

A

communication and collaboration:
-communicate effectively
-work in partnership with patients

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15
Q

Explain the fourth standard of practice in pharmacy.

A

leadership and stewardship:
-use health resources responsibly and safely
-evidence informed advice and explain pros/cons of
preventative health activities
-engage in public and community health initiatives
-recognize and considers the SDOH

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16
Q

Explain the fifth standard of practice in pharmacy.

A

professionalism:
-adhere to the spirit and letter of laws, regulations, policies
-adhere to the code of ethics

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17
Q

What are some various definitions of professionalism?

A

possessing various structural and attitudinal traits of a profession
confirmed through the possession of behaviours that demonstrate these traits
set of attitudes and behaviours believed to be appropriate to the profession
attitudes and behaviours that serve to maintain patient interest above self-interest
displaying values, beliefs and attitudes that put the needs of another above your personal needs

18
Q

What is the Hammer Bicycle Wheel Metaphor for professionalism?

A

the central hub (values/attitudes)
-altruism, caring, honor/integrity, duty
-respect, empathy, compassion
the spokes (behaviours)
-takes responsibility, maintains confidence
the tire (the surface of professionalism)
-professional dress, courtesy, punctuality

19
Q

How does patient-centred professionalism build on the core attributes of a profession?

A

fully articulating the primacy of the patient
highlights the importance of a positive relationship between patient and provider
provider is obliged to respect and support the right and ability of the patient to make decisions

20
Q

What is quite often the source of unprofessional behaviours?

A

self-centredness

21
Q

What is a professional identity?

A

the professional values, actions, and aspirations espoused by the individual pharmacist, as well as those observed by others within the profession of pharmacy

22
Q

What is a primary difference between professionalism and professional identity?

A

professionalism: external representations
professional identity: internal manifestations

23
Q

What is part of the reason for the unclear identity of pharmacy?

A

the range of professional identities associated with pharmacy

24
Q

What are the multiple pharmacy identities?

A

apothecary (1800-1940)
-makers of medicine
dispenser (1930-1960)
-person of science and moral character, dispensing meds
merchandiser (1940-present)
-corporatized and undesirable
expert advisor (1960-2000)
-consultant or expert advisor to the physician
health care provider (1990-present)
-pharmaceutical care and patient-centred

25
Q

As a new identity was established, what happened to the old identities?

A

they were carried forward but not in a way that supported the new identity
-discursive pile-up

26
Q

Why is a strong professional identity needed?

A

maintain or advance professional status in times of change
support the self-regulation needed to ensure high standards
create confidence to practice effectively

27
Q

What is PIF?

A

professional identity formation
-process by which actions, values, and aspirations develop
within the practitioner

28
Q

True or false: the process of transforming from lay person to professional is iterative, gradual, and non-linear

A

true
individualized process

29
Q

Describe the PIF pyramid in regards to pharmacy.

A

KNOWS behavioural norms of a pharmacist
KNOWS WHEN individual behaviours are appropriate
SHOWS HOW: demonstrate the behaviours expected under supervision
DOES: consciously demonstrates expected behaviours
IS: consistently demonstrates attitudes, values, and behaviours of a pharmacist

30
Q

How can the academic program design lead to a weak understanding of ones professional identity?

A

over emphasis on clinical knowledge and skills

31
Q

What are statutory organizations?

A

created by statute (law)
self-regulatory body designed to protect the public
fits the definition of a “professional organization”

32
Q

What are voluntary organizations?

A

members join because they want to support the goals of the profession
“for the members” (strong advocacy role)
local, provincial, national, international

33
Q

What is an ethical dilemma?

A

a situation in which a difficult choice has to be made between two courses of action, either of which entails transgressing a moral principle

34
Q

What is bioethics?

A

the focus is on rights and principles
the application of bioethical theory to difficult and challenging ethical dilemmas arising from patient care

35
Q

What is professional ethics?

A

centres on the integrity of the individual clinician in complying with a professional code of behaviour
codes, or norms that are reflective of, yet sometimes in conflict with bioethics

36
Q

What are the guiding principles in bioethics?

A

autonomy
confidentiality
telling the truth
do not harm
justice

37
Q

What is meant by “each of us is an autonomous agent”?

A

as individuals we have a right to our own opinions and beliefs, and should be free to live our lives in the manner we judge best for ourselves
deal with the consequences

38
Q

When we become a health care professional what must we be prepared to do with our conscience?

A

put aside some aspects of our conscience to serve the societal obligations of our chosen profession

39
Q

How can the duty to refer help with ethical dilemmas?

A

balancing a practitioners right to conscience and the patients right to professional care

40
Q

Why do some believe that referral is compromising patient care?

A

treatment delays and additional costs to patient

PHAR110 (7 decks)

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